Wednesday, January 30, 2019

The Definition of Success :: Definition Essays

The Definition of SuccessOne has achieved success who has lived closely and express joyed often. This quote seems to sum up what is meant by success. If you are able to laugh often and much then you have definitely achieved happiness. The idea of backing well, though, is a very broad statement. In order, then, to define success in relation to this statement, we must first define what it means to live well. there are deuce-ace levels of success, in my opinion societal success, own(prenominal) success, and academic or professional success. If someone can achieve all of these three levels of success, they are someone who has lived well.Societal success is something that is attained by shoot for to reach your own goals and dreams in cohorts with the goals that society has for us. Societal success besides has a lot to do with the natural tendencies we as humans posses. The characteristic societal goals that we would naturally have for ourselves would be to meet someone, fall in l ove and get married. We are also apt to identify having reliable friends with having achieved socially. We have achieved societal success, typically, if we have met the right person, lived happily, started a family and raised our children well. A part of societal success is also to learn to treat hatful well to practice the golden rule. We exact to fill these goals that society has for us and travail to achieve societal success in order to fill our need to belong to society and fit in as an every day, operation member of society. We also realize the personal goals and dreams that we set for ourselves in this involvement of conformity. Achieving this civic success, as you might call it, is wholly a smooth part of our venture to living well. in-person success is also a big part of living well. There is only one success . . . to be able to spend your life in your own way, and not to entrust others absurd maddening claims upon it. This quote by Christopher Morley describes wha t is really meant by personal success. Personal success has to do with being happy. One can only be truly happy if they are happy and secure with themselves. Personal success is about being yourself and not being afraid to do so. It is about not letting others dictate your life or pay back you feel that you have to change who you are.

Mgt Syllabus

What about un honourable but moral? Which is more(prenominal) crucial to an g everywherening body, to be good or moral? wherefore? What be morals? How are individualised morality disparate than phone line ethics? ground on your movement visualize, describe an honorable issue that you faced. What were the ethical implications skirt that issue, if any? How was the issue resolved or how should it drive been resolved? Does your makeup have a writ ten code of conduct? If so, how effective is this create AT conduct 10 privation extent ay you tank Tanat a cook AT conduct can Nell to define the ethical look on of an transcription?How business leader a code of conduct policy strike the personal ethics of the charterees? What can a business do to rationalise the likelihood of making unethical decisions ND creating more ethical problems? work out of an example of unethical behavior you have observed in a business setting. Was this behavior a result of an unethical per son or an unethical geological formation? Explain your upshot. workweek Two Organizational value Read Chi. 14 of art ethics. Read Chi. 8-10, up. 115-118, up. 138-142 of Managing business ethics. 2. Discussion Questions What is the race between organisational values and organizational refining?Does organizational culture order organizational values more than organizational values influence organizational culture? Explain your answer. How do organizational values of your organization influence its conduct? How do your organizations values influence you? How mogul a small business owner, whose business has grown from an owner and operator to employing 12 people over several years, create the organizational culture and organizational values of the business? Consider that the same business has grown to employ 100 or more people over several more years.How might the approach to organizational culture and values change depending on the size of the organization? What is the relat ionship between organizational values and personal values? Which of your personal values are embodied in your organization? How do employees personal values influence the conduct of your organization? What issues might arise if employees personal values are significantly unlike from their employers organizational values? want Is winless-Doodling near want classmates malign an employee Low ten whistle on his or her employer?If the phoners top executive asked you to create a code of ethics policy for the smart set, what would you allow? What approach would you character? Why would you select that approach? Provide at least two examples of items you would include in your code of ethics and describe wherefore they are grand to your companys code. Think of a moral or ethical dilemma you experience recently at work. What steps did you impart to resolve the issue? In retrospect, how might you have handled the tellment agency diversely? How might this process be divers(prenomina l) if you were acting on behalf of the organization?How might you have handled the situation differently if you were the CEO? Imagine you are a division private instructor at a large pharmaceuticals company. You directly supervise 50 bonny and above average performing employees. Many employees on your team have been with the company for several years. Some recently hired employees, mostly women and nonage throngs, were hired to remedy the lack of diversity in the workplace. Recent m unitarytary difficulties within the company quire each division manager to reduce their work force by 15%.Describe the process you would use to make this decision. How do you ethically Justify your decision? Do you think that you share the same ethical side as people who work with you? Explain your answer. Why is it important, or not, to share ethical perspectives in the workplace? What are the ethical standards for where you work? To what extent do you think that ethical perspectives may change ov er time? What factors might influence these changes? What is your experience works with or working for someone you felt had a much efferent ethical perspective than your own?How did you know when the two of you were approaching the same ethical dilemmas from different ethical perspectives? What was the outcome? How did your decisions or outcomes compare? Week Four honorable and Legal Issues in credit line course Agelessness Read Chi. 10 of Business ethics. Review Chi. 3, 8, &038 10 of Managing business ethics. 2. Individual Assignment ethics naughty Simulation Resource Ethics Game Simulation Complete the Ethics Game Simulation. Write a 700- to 1,050- word reflective Journal in which you answer the following questions What were the ethical issues presented in the pretext? What decision-making steps did you take to ethically address these issues? What ethical perspectives, or lenses, did you use to make your decisions in the simulation? How did these ethical perspectives, or len ses, influence your management decisions? How might concepts from this simulation relate to your workplace? Do you think valet de chambre resources (HRS) polices should govern ethical and healthy issues? Why or why not? How might HRS policies govern unethical or unlawful behavior? Do we need laws that follow up ethical codes? How might a situation in business be lawful but unethical?How might a situation be ethical but illegal? Share an example from your own experience of HRS policies that address or encourage ethical practices. What is your definition of a stakeholder? Which of the different stakeholder groups fires are the most important, and why? What ethical responsibilities does an organization have to different stakeholder groups? How might ignoring the needs of one stakeholder in favor of another stakeholder touch on the organization? Provide an example. Why might a business want to appeal more directly to a secondary stakeholder roof than the primal stakeholders?What advantages might there be in doing this? Why might a business want to appeal more directly to a group that is not a stakeholder group? In what types of situations might this make champion? What is the difference between a stakeholder group and a special interest group? Name three examples of business or organizations in which you are a stakeholder. What makes you a stakeholder to these organizations? How are your views important to these organizations? Are your views aligned with the legal and ethical considerations of the organization? Explain your answer.Describe a time when another stakeholder groups views were in direct opposition of your views or the organizations flews. want napped Week quintuplet Cross-cultural Ethics and Social Responsibility Analyze ethically and socially responsible business practices across cultures. Read Chi. 18 &038 21 of Business ethics. Read Chi. 1 1 of Managing business ethics. 2. Individual Assignment final psychometric test Resources Busines s ethics and Managing business ethics Click the connexion to the Final Examination on your student website available from the end of Week Four through the end of Week Five.Complete the Final Examination. You are allowed one attempt to complete the exam, which is timed and must be completed in 3 hours. Results are auto graded and sent to your instructor. Note. Final Examination questions are adapted from Business ethics and Managing business ethics. 3. Learning team Assignment Ethical Organization Profile Write a 1,050- to 1,750-word topic in which your Learning Team explains a fictitious organizations ethics programs and boilersuit ethical environment. Create a fictitious organization. Describe the type of business, locations, size, and crops or services offered. Write a value statement which includes Overall ethics of the organization Socially responsible business practices Write a underlying code of conduct. Select three of the following to include practices Workplace cogit ation Termination of employment Diversity Harassment Family and personal issues Hiring Imagine your organization NAS cellar to Deign trading operations In another country.Identify the country and answer the following questions What legal and ethical issues might your organization face with operations in that country? What stakeholder groups relevant to your organization would be affected by expanding operations into this new country? How might those groups influence he legal and ethical decisions your organization might make while expanding its operations? How might the legal and ethical issues faced in this country influence your organizations value statement and code of conduct? 4.Discussion Questions What must an organization consider from an ethical and socially responsible perspective before deciding to expand operations in other countries? How might an organization be considered ethical and socially responsible in its home country but not in the new country where they exp anded operations? How might an organization parallelism varying views of ethical standards across cultures? Provide an example of a business currently addressing this issue and discuss any personal experience you may have with these issues. How might ethical and social obligation issues, such as community service or environmentally responsible practices, affect an organizations operations in different regions of the US? What must an organization consider when expanding operations to Omaha, Nebraska Santa Monica, California Montgomery, Alabama and Detroit, Michigan? Select two from the contention to discuss in your response. Should a company vary its ethical and socially responsible business practices in different regions, even f laws which settle the companys operations remain consistent across regions?Why or why not? What positive and negative outcomes might result from the choice the company makes about its ethical and socially responsible business practices in different regio ns? Imagine you are the marketing manager for a product you use daily, like gourmet coffees or paper towels, and you are selected to introduce the product to a new international market. What ethical or social responsibility issues, such as sustainability and sportsmanlike trade, might you face when introducing the product to that raked? How might you overcome these issues?Name the product and the international market in your response. If your company plans to expand operations in a country known for human rights violations and sweatshop labor practices, what might you do to assure the media that the organization is committed to fair wages and running an honest, ethical grinder? Would you consider choosing to open the factory elsewhere to prevent the media attaching the companys name to other companies that have abused and use ten workers Tort canap largo winy would you make tens console?

Monday, January 28, 2019

Human Development Essay

Taking a look at the Human increment Index map of Africa, which throw out be seen on (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_ exploitation_Index) on the meshwork it shows that m some(prenominal) of Africas countries ar real underdeveloped.7 One of the obvious reasons for wherefore countries is Africa are underachieving is because of how poor is the strength of their thriftiness compared to other(a)s. As it is well k straight offn, Africa is very rich in mineral resources as many other states commit upon their, possessing most of the known minerals types of the serviceman. Africas economy is more reliant on agriculture than that of any other continent, with almost 60% of Africans work in the agricultural sector.Secondly, the frugal maturement of virtu ally all African nations has been hindered by inadequate have a bun in the ovenation systems. Most countries rely on road networks that are composed largely of dirt roads, which become impassable during the rainy seasons. way networks tend to link the interior of a country to the coast hardly a(prenominal) road systems link adjacent countries.9 To show how poor and how bad economy crisis is in Africa, one ought to take a look at their nutriment for thought crisis and the growing volume of food imports. Whereas Africa imported an average volume of 1.96 one thousand thousand metric tons of agricultural products in the years 1961-63, by 1980-82 this recruit had risen to 11.2 million metric tons at an annual tax of over $6.8 billion (over one-seventh of the total value of Africas imports in 1982).Owing to foreign exchange constraints, most African countries have had to rely increasingly on food aid to meet their imported food bespeakments.10The technical sectors of most African states rely heavily on one or a few export commodities. The bulk of change over occurs with industrialized nations, which require raw materials and sell industrial and consumer goods. Trade between African states is check by the competitive, rather than complementary, nature of their products and by barter bulwarks, such as tariffs, and the diversity of currencies.Looking at the economy of atomic number 63, a sharp agate line in strength and influence can visibly be seen. atomic number 63 has long been a world leader in economic activities. As the birthplace of modern science and of the Industrial Revolution, Europe acquired technological transcendence over the rest of the world, which gave it unquestioned dominance in the 19th Century. An valuable impetus for growth since the mid-20th Century has been the formation of supranational organisations such as the European Union, the European Free Trade Association, and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. different Africa, Europe has highly developed transport systems, which are densest in the cardinal part of the continent. Many countries in Europe use well kept up(p) transportation systems to transport important goods such as w ater transport which plays a major role in the European economy. Almost all European countries maintain national airlines, and several, such as Air France, British Airship canal, Swissair, Germany, and Netherlands are major worldwide carriers.13 Looking at both economies and trade, it is by all odds obvious that Europe conducts substantial international trade compared to Africa. For Europe, much of its trade is intra-continental, especially among members of the European Union, but also engages in large-scale trade with countries of other continents. Germany, France, Great Britain, Italy and the Netherlands are among the worlds greatest vocation nations. A large portion of European inter-continental trade involves the exporting of make goods and the importing of raw materials.Europes agricultural sector is generally highly developed, especially in Western Europe. The agricultural sector in Europe is helped by the Common Agricultural Policy, which provides farmers with a minimal m onetary value for their products and subsidized their exports, which increases competitiveness for their products. This policy is highly controversial as it hampers drop by the wayside trade worldwide (protectionism sparks protectionism from other countries and trade blocs the design of trade wars) and is violating the concept of fair trade.15 Africas economy is more reliant on primary products (i.e, agricultural and mineral) than that of any other continent, with around 60% of Africans working in the agricultural sector.About three fifths of African farmers are subsistence farmers till small pots of land to feed their families, with only a minimal waste that can be sold for other goods.16 However, there are earthshaking number of large farms that grow cash crop such as coffee, cotton, cocoa, and rubber these farms, normally operated by large corporations, cover tens of square kilometres and hire large number of labourers.Africas geography is unsuited to trade and hence hamper s its economy. The centre of the continent, at to the lowest degree on the western side, is an almost enceinte rainforest that greatly impedes the transit of people of goods. Some of the wealthiest parts of southwesterly Africa are blocked from the rest of Africa by the Kalahari Desert, while the Sahara creates an obvious barrier to trade. While Africa has a number of great river systems such as those of the Nile, Niger, Congo, and Zambezi, it is not nearly as well-linked rivers as are other areas such as Europe. Moreover, many of the rivers are blocked by rapids and cataracts that require vast development projects if they are to be bypassed.The wetness of the roads and tracks makes transport difficult and hazardous. In humanitarian Africa is cut off from the sea to a greater extent than any other continent. To enforce even more problems to Africa there is an increasing number of desertification occurring in Africa where the deserts, especially the Sahara are becoming larger, e nveloping area around them, leaving less space for land. This process is partly due to the deforestation of areas of forest with no roots to hold soil in place, it blows away(p) leaving an infertile desert.Europe has a well developed financial sector. Many European cities are financial centres with the City of London being the largest.19 The European financial sector is helped by the introduction of the euro as super C currency. This has made it easier for European households and firms to invest in companies and deposit on banks in other European countries as exchange rate fluctuations are now non-existent in Europe. As mentioned above, Europes economy is superior to that of Africa, so what can Africa do to better its economy or maybe what can it take from the Europe economy as a model. professor J A. van Ginkel held a conference on the Knowledge and Development in Africa here he talked about ways to improve Africas economy however not only by getting the economic policies rig ht.20 Prof van Ginkel mentions that there is now substantial evidence that institutional weakness in many African countries is a critical bulwark to economic performance.21 From the surveys he conducted on the obstacles to business in Africa it highlights the damage caused by the unpredictability of changes in laws and policies, the unreliability of law enforcement, and the impact of corrupt bureaucracies.22 Unless governments winnow out these kinds of obstacles then it is unlikely that the economy whether it is just locally in trustworthy parts of Africa or on a national front exit flourish.An aspect of the Europe model that Africa can learn from is the aspect of intimacy. No commodity is more expensive than knowledge. An Africa without a sustainable, strong knowledge sector of its own will always remain in a dangerously dependent position. Research and training institutions on the continent can make a critical contribution in at least three ways by qualification the most of existing indigenous knowledge by accessing the vast reservoir of existing global knowledge, as well as the ongoing advances in understanding, and adapting them to suit specific local conditions and by helping to find innovative solutions to seemingly intractable problems.23 In terms of human resources, it was highlighted in the Seminars of Anticipation that African developments suffers from a sad paradox on the one hand, elites trained in Western world are too many (and most of them stay in the US or in the EU because they cannot find well-paid qualified positions in Africa, or because their skills do not correspond to African needs) while on the other hand the well-trained intermediate executives required to manage a modern economy are cruelly missing in Africa (higher technical experts, management executives, obliging administrators).To conclude, this essay has looked the economies of both Europe and Africa and compared and contrast both of them. It has also provided study ab out both economies in terms of trade and finance. A draft history was provided which looked at the relationship between Europe and Africa and to the days of liquidation. Reasons as to why both regions are on different levels economically were provided to show how predominant and rich Europe was and how poor and underdeveloped Africa was. The Africa food crisis was mentioned to give an account of how poor Africa was against other regions. In addition ways that Africa can improve their economy so bringing it more business office and strength so that it can compete with other regions was provided, for example making sure Africa had the aqeduate education so that it learn.Many Africans move to the west so that they can have higher education which is not available in Africa and tend to stay there once they have completed their studies. This is prejudicious to Africas development and thus a solution to the problem would be to support the creation of a complete curriculum. This would lead to a enormous contribution to the development of vocational and technical education in Africa thus improving Africas economy. So as it can seen, the economies for both Europe and Africa are at this present time in contrast to distributively other but there is hope for Africa to become more dominant and influential in world affairs if the correct adjustments and policies are introduced to improve them.ReferencesFawcett, L., & Hurrell, A., Regionalism in World Politics, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1995, pg 43 Ravenhill. J, Africa in economic crisis, Basingstoke, Macmillan, 1986, pg 9 www.ciaonet.org/isa/rajo 

Sunday, January 27, 2019

Pearson Us History Review Questions Essay

1. In the coupled States, the significant change repre moveed by the unconditional tribunals decisions concerning Dred Scott (1857) and Brown v. Board of Education (1954) lift out illust crops the* ability of g everyplacenance to revise tax laws.* desire of minority groups to be recognized.* disappearance of preconceived opinion and discrimination.* continuing struggle of African Americans to achieve equateity. 2. The united States Supreme judgeship decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) was grievous beca social occasion it * change the determination of abolitionists to achieve their goals. * caused the nimble outbreak of the civilized War.* ended the importation of slaves into the joined States. * increased the function of Congress to exclude slavery from the territories.3. Which issues were polemic in national politics during the period 18001850? * racial prejudice, territorial expansion, immigration policy * tariff policy, nullification, rights of neutrals* fo rmula of railroads, afield acquisitions, federal income tax policy * states rights policy, control of the Northwest Territory, acknowledgement of joined States independence by France 4. Which statement best reflects the political doctrine of Alexander Hamilton regarding the actor of a federal organization? * The government which governs to the lowest degree governs best.* The central government should cede most of its effectiveness to local governments. * The government may exercise all occasions necessary and proper to meet its responsibilities. * The executive branch may exercise only those major powers specifically given to it by the Supreme judgeship. 5. The executive branch of the United States government has traditionally gained power during periods when * the presidency has been occupied by a high-ranking armament officer. * the re mankindan Party was in the majority in Congress and the chairperson was a Democrat. * thither has been a serious domestic or internati onal task facing the United States. * the Supreme court of law and Congress have been in conflict over complete issues.6. Actions and policies of the government down the stairs chair George capital of the United States generally resulted in the * establishment of strong political ties with other nations. * arc of many enslaved persons. * failure to create a sound financial political platform for the country. * strengthening of the federal government.7. The significance of the case Marbury v. Madison (1803) is that it * completed the belief of judicial review. * declared the Alien and Sedition Acts to be legitimate laws. * show the supremacy of the national government over the states. * attempted to place the judgeship outside the impeachment power of the House of Representatives.8. Under Chief Justice bottom Marshall, the Supreme Court* stimulated the States rights movement by supporting the judgement that states could reject acts of Congress. * helped create a sense of national unity by strengthening the federal government. * shadowyened the judiciary by refusing to deal with controversial issues. * became heavily involved in unconnected affairs.9. In 1823, the Monroe Doctrine was established in general because the United States wanted to* keep control of Alaska and Hawaii.  * establish more colonies in Latin America. * support Englands attempt to keep its empire in Central America. * warn Europe against any further liquidation in Latin America. 10. Which means for redressing grievances is applicable to American Indians but is unremarkably not applicable to other minority groups? nonviolent marches to back down attention to injustices equal educational and employment opportunity laws  * economic ostracise of all products manufactured in the United States * collective lawsuits to recover familial lands11. Adherence to a strict interpretation of the Constitution would have prevented chair Thomas Jefferson from* making the Louisiana Purchase.* writing the State of the marriage mess progresss.* receiving ambassadors.* committee military officers.12. In the United States, third- plowsharey movements occur most often when* there is clear danger of foreign attack. * the President is inconsistent in foreign policy. * major political parties ignore vital public interests. * interests in overseas trade and possessions intensifies. 13. The main goal of the Seneca Falls Convention (1848) was to * obtain equal rights for women. * study the public aware of environmental problems.  * correct the abuses of big business.  * take aim the first labor union in the United States.14. Once an amendment has been added to the United States Constitution, which process must be used to change that amendment? * ratifying a new-fangled amendment  * convincing states to ignore the amendment  * having Congress exit a law repealing the amendment  * having the President issue an executive order canceling the amendme nt 15. During the period 18201860, the major concerns in the United States dealt with issues related to * determining the future of slavery. * increasing public funding of political campaigns. * decreasing the build of elective offices. * decreasing voter registration drives.16. The innate amendment reading The right of citizens of the United States who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on report of age. restricted the * reserved powers of the States. * delegated powers of Congress. * powers assumed by the Supreme Court. * powers retained by the people.17. Before the Civil War, one example of increased democracy was the* excretory product of property ownership as a requirement for voting in national elections. * granting of the right to vote to women. * elimination of the electoral college system for electing the President. * cite of balloting to most African Americans.18. In 1794, President George Washington sent Federal troops into western Pennsylvania to deal with an uprising cognise as the Whiskey Rebellion. The significance of President Washingtons serve is that it* strengthened the power of local and state governments. * forced Congress to pass the Bill of Rights. * showed the strength of the Federal political relation under the Constitution. * weakened the power of the Federal Government to collect sales taxes. 19. Which statement about the double-u movement in the United States during the nineteenth century is most immaculate? * The enclosure discouraged interest in the expansion of voting rights. * The frontier experience tended to decrease social class difference. * Western expansion slowed the rate of industrial enterprise. * The West was settled mostly by immigrants from Asian nations. 20. At the number one of the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln maintained that the war was being fought to * maintain national honor. * prevent foreign involvement.   * free all slaves.  * preserve the Union.21. In the period amid 1820 and 1860, Southerners wanted slavery extended to the Western territories so that the South could* continue to elect Southern Presidents.  * continue to dominate the Supreme Court.  * keep enough strength in the Senate to protect Southern interests. * use slave labor to expand Southern industries.22. A similarity between the pre-Civil War abolitionist movement and the Progressive movement is that both* were mainly concerned with improving the status of African Americans. * worked to reduce income taxes. * contributed directly to the puzzle of a major war.  * sought to improve the conditions of poor or laden peoples.23. In the United States, the widespread disregard of the fugitive slave laws and of the barrier laws most clearly indicated that* strongly held values are difficult to regulate. * the federal government is generally unable to enforce its own laws. * little heed is given to the legal system.  * the judicial system is too lenient in its treatment of offenders. 24. Alexander Hamilton believed that a major role of the Federal Government was to * establish and control public schools. * support and encourage business and industry. * go on the superiority of the agrarian way of life. * limit its activities by allowing the states to make important national decisions.25. Which statement about the results of the Civil War is most undefiled? * Federal supremacy was strengthened.* Constitutional government was proven ineffective.  * Universal suffrage was generally accepted.  * Sectional disputes ceased to exist.26. Alexander Hamiltons argument that the government has the power to create a National Bank is based on which part of the Constitution?* the Preamble* the elastic clause* guarantees to the States* the Bill of Rights27. The Supreme Court under Chief Justice rear end Marshall was similar to the Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren in that both* stren gthened the power and influence of business.* increased the Presidents war powers.* changed public policy through broad interpretation of the Constitution. * increased the rights of the accused under the fifth and sixth amendments.28. In the United States during the late 1780s, the Federalists were most believably to support* continued loyalty to the British Government.* establishment of a weak national government.* strengthening of States rights.* ratification of the United States Constitution.29. The tariff issue of 1828, the sezession of the Southern states in the 1860s, and school desegregation in the 1950s dealt with the constitutional issue of* the federal-state relationship.* popular sovereignty.* checks and balances.* representation in Congress.30. The legal basis for the United States purchase of the Louisiana Territory was the* power granted to the President to make treaties.* Presidents power as Commander in Chief.* authority of Congress to declare war.* Senates duty to approve the appointment of ambassadors.31. Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott were best noted for their struggle to* prohibit the manufacture and sale of alcohol.* abolish slavery.* see the right of women to vote.* expose government corruption.32. The reason for ending the importation of enslaved persons to the United States after 1807 was the* success of the American colonial revolution against Britain.* rapid industrialization of the South.* replacement of slave labor by immigrant workers from eastern Europe.* passage of economy that forbids the practice.33. The power relationship that changed most as a result of the Civil War was the increase in the power of the* individual over the state.* military over the civilian population.* Congress over the President.* Federal Government over the states.34. Which event was the immediate cause of the secession of several Southern states from the Union in 1860? * the Dred Scott decision, which declared that all prior compromises on t he extension of slavery into the territories were unconstitutional * the Missouri Compromise, which kept an even balance between the number of free and slave states * the raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, which was led by the militant abolitionist John Brown * the election of President Abraham Lincoln, who opposed the spread of slavery into the territories 35. Which long-run tradition finally became part of the United States Constitution through an amendment? * the bipartisan system* the appointment of a Presidential Cabinet  * restricting the President to two terms of office * the election of Federal judges

Friday, January 25, 2019

âہ“the Effects of Diversity on Business Performance: Report of the Diversity Research Networkâ€Â

Crimson Miller MGT 492 Dr. Turnipseed February 19th, 2010 The Effects of sort on Business Performance Report of the Diversity Research Network phrase Critique 1 In this article the Business Opportunities for Leadership Diversity (BOLD), The Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, and the Society of Human Resource Management (SHRM) Foundation came together to leaven the effects diversity has on a business and the businesss performance. I agree with the article in that diversity can extradite a positive degree and/or negative effect on businesses and their performances.In many ways diversity can be a positive influence on companies and company performances because diversity allows for creativity, challenging others ideas, and avoidance of sort think. Diversity in business can allow for a wide clasp of competitive moves from clean ideas and differences in cultures. The better the range of knowledge and skill the more innovative and creative employees typically be in organizations. On the o ther hand diversity can be a major negative effect on business in that it can cause barriers to communication between employees.Employees that can non communicate with one some other do not work well together many clock become confrontational with each other, and many times are not working towards the same goals because of misperceptions. There whitethorn be a manner of speaking barrier, a culture barrier, a religion issue, or even a knowledge or skill difference that makes working as a team less successful. The sample the organizations were able to obtain in the study, use as a base for this report, was a small sample sizing but I think that the study was very conclusive.In near situations people from a different background will bring new ideas and compete with each other to create a competitive advantage. Yet, if you throw off a group of people together that do not take in one another the communication will be difficult which may lead to confusion, frustration, or no communi cation at all. In decision I believe the findings of this study were very accurate even in a much larger scale then have been presented.

Thursday, January 24, 2019

Purpose of satisfying the audience Essay

 On the other hand this is effective because it appeals to the audience and influences their views on lohan, because it appeals to the audience reservation them envious of her. In the article from Cosmopolitan Jennifer is more than in defend and has a more appropriate picture for her object glass audience which is women from 20-30 where as the picture from lettuce is suited for young adults from 13-17. The image of Jennifer is natural and has a sharp focus with a wakeful background to make her confirm out more. Jennifer asks akin the glamorous one as she says that she no agelong has to try hard to please others.This is because her hair is tied back retri only ifory the likes of herself tied away from the publicity. Her hair is tidy and neat like herself and it is unlike Lindsays hair. Lopez is also smiling at you creation more welcoming and approachable whereas Lindsay looks rebellious and standoffish which gives Cosmopolitan readers a unsloped impression. The articl e meets the purpose of entertaining the audience apply imagery. The purpose of Lohans article is to introduce Lindsay and make the target audience who atomic number 18 teenagers, more drawn in and interested in Lindsays spiritedness t.The tag which is a piece of small text that tells you almost the article, whole kit and boodle in opt of promoting both celebrities. In Lindsays case an so-called love for hard liquor and bad boys Lindsays not your average Hollywood A-lister . Sugar uses quick chatty in black-tie language and the use of booze which is colloquial language. It also uses words like nope and stuffin helps to sell and promote her. When sugar uses these types of phrases appeals to teenagers who tend to read quick easy and short texts.Whereas in Lopezs article the use of formal words like speculation and identifies and long-term sentences ar appropriate to entertain and occupy the audience which are adults. They are more effective to the target audience making the m feel the time is made just for them, but advertising the celebrities at the same time. The articles are trying to publicize Jennifer and Lindsay by putting a positive light on them. Both the articles satisfy the audience because they tell you round an effortless situation and problem.For example the famous persons love life but it is more alluring because it is based and happening to a celebrity and it is easier to par with our own lives. In Lindsays situation its all about her wanting a boyfriend, however in Lopezs view its more about her former boyfriends and the fact that now shes at the age where she doesnt call for men, which appeal to adults. The text is in favour of Lindsay, we can see this because the article talks about her life and the chin-wag talk that teenagers are interested in. a reported fling with Fred durst (well who hasnt?) The article is talking about Lindsays relationship, they point the finger at Fred making it bet design to go out with different boys , grammatical construction what Lindsay is doing is right. Which is a popular subject in teenage talk, appealing to the target audience? There is a great contradiction with her wanting to be normal. Sugar says Hollywood clones sport blonde hair, spray on tans and closemouthed bods And, well, normal figure here sugar says that Lindsay stands out because she doesnt look like other celebrities. She is no longer a red interrogative sentence or has a curvy figure but looks like a Hollywood clone.This is effective to the audience because the target audience are being entertained with this contradiction. She no longer stands out or is not normal in her figure and looks. The anchorage ground which is a small piece of text at the bottom of a page next to Lohans picture, gives an extra feature which supports the view of Lohan being important. Apparently Colin Farrell rancid down the lovely Lindsay when did he get so fussy The anchorage is pointing the finger at Farrell, making him look ba d but in my view it just makes Lindsay look more desperate and in need of promotion.Farrell is a celebrity known for his popularity for dating all girls. Whereas Jennifer Lopez doesnt seem to need it, because she has so many years of experience in the celebrity light. The desperation of Lindsay Lohan is more apparent now because she looks like some other Hollywood clone, shes become skinny and blonde just like her friend Paris Hilton ( a popular super model) from looking sanitary uniquely beautiful to skinny and blonde. In other words selling herself more then she needs to.She is contradicting herself because in the article when shes asked about dieting she says NO its sad how people have become so aware of how they look, but now shes completely changed herself. The twain articles entertain, inform and sell the celebrities lives in a positive light and satisfy the audience using imagery and words appealing to the target audience. In Lohans case she is promoting herself to please her target audience using colloquial language and sorter text.Whereas in Lopezs article, it refers to her love life and puts her in a positive light towards her target audience. Using longer words, formal language and text. The type of language and the length of the text suits and satisfies the different audiences.

Wednesday, January 23, 2019

How Montessori Environmet Differs Than Traditional Setup

Montessori surround differs from handed-down education in umpteen federal agencys. Only a few of them ar discussed below In a Montessori environment the support is given to the natural development of the human being. The stress is on cognitive (the emergence of the ability to think and understand) and social development. Whereas in a handed-down classroom, prescribed or arranged blocks of knowledge are transmitted into the pincer. The areas to focus on are rote (memorization technique establish on repetition) knowledge.It is as if the information is poured into the brain of a minor without more than understanding of the process. In Montessori setup the child is not just in that location in the classroom to listen and receive whatever the instructor is talk him about (without even understanding a word). But he is in that location to think and ponder upon the work that is presented to him. Why and how the child arrives at what he knows is just as important as what he knows . In a Montessori classroom, the independent activity is 80 % of the work, and the teacher directed activity accounts for the remain 20 %.The reverse is true for the traditional setup. When the child is in a Montessori class, he has shown the activity once (if needed it ordure be presented again) and then it is up to him to engage from variety of activities that he was shown earlier. The child is all(prenominal)owed to choose his work, constrict it to his work space and repeat it as much as he wants. This whole process calls for independence. In a traditional classroom, the teacher is the mavin who decides what the child has to learn, also the pace of the larn process as intimately as how the learning will take place.The teacher is in apply of the whole scenario so near of the activity takes place through her. self remunerateed materials are used in a Montessori environment. A child relies on impersonal judgement that comes from his senses. Each material is prepared wit h curtail of error. Whereas an external force, means a teacher, is the one who corrects in a traditional way of learning. By using the self corrected materials the child acquires independence. If he makes a mistake, he can correct himself without any help from an adult. In a traditional classroom, the child always depends on the teacher to correct his mistakes nd to tell him if he has done his work correctly or not. This way the child thinks for appraisal and always asks for teachers approval. The child does not do his work for his own inner satisfaction provided he is always looking for outward reward or punishment. The Montessori way of learning puts emphasis on (self) check and complimentarydom (within bounds). On the new(prenominal) hand, the point of view in a traditional setting is that children are inherently disorderly and that their willfulness and impulses must b inhibited by an external discipline.Montessori educators believe that children cannot develop a sense of inner discipline if all of the control comes from the outside. In a Montessori classroom, the child is free to choose his work (freedom of choice) scarce at the same time, he can notwithstanding choose out of those activities that are already presented to him (freedom within bounds). He is free to do any work he wants or wishes to do but he has to follow an order in which the work was presented to him by the directress. In a Montessori environment the teachers lineament is that of a facilitator and spend objet dart the role of the child is an active one.In a traditional classroom, the teacher plays a very dominant role in the classroom while the child is passive. The teacher, in a Montessori classroom, is more often than not in the background. She just move in when she feels that there is a need. She does not teach, in fact she directs and makes learning smooth and enjoyable, as compared to the traditional setup where the teacher mostly dialog and the child just listens. Mix age group is one of the most important aspects of a Montessori environment. Same age group is the norm of a traditional education. Mix age group in the Montessori classroom helps the teacher as well as the students.The elder children act as role models, direct the younger ones, and feel the sense of responsibility whereas the younger children look at the older ones with fascination. This sort of collaboration can be a helping hand for the teacher. The environment, in a Montessori classroom, is tailored fit to the child. On the other hand, in a traditional classroom, the child has to adapt according to the environment. One of the main purposes of the Montessori education is to make the child independent and this can only be achieved if we cater to the needs of the child.Montessori classroom belongs to the child and thats why the whole setup is child sized. The child in the Montessori environment is the center of everything. Montessori environment emphasizes that learning should be done through all five senses. Whereas, in a traditional setup, learning takes place mostly through listening, reading and watching. In a Montessori classroom hands on activities are used so that the child can use his senses to disembowel the information (this way the information that is absorbed is long lasting) as compared to the traditional set up where the child sits passively, and listens to the teacher.

Tuesday, January 22, 2019

Economics Commentary Essay

Sharp climb up in un job as financial crisis hits pipelines groceryBritish unemployment today posted its biggest rise since the beas give way recession 17 years ago as the financial crisis filtered through to the telephone circuits market.Official figures showed unemployment measured by International travail Organisation (ILO) standards rose by 164,000 in the three months to heroic from the previous(prenominal) quarter to stand at 1.79 million. The rise took the jobless rate up half a percentage point to 5.7%, likewise the biggest jump since July 1991.These verse ar truly horrendous and much worse than I had feargond, verbalize David Blanchf let down, a labour market expert and member of the Bank of Englands financial policy committee.He told guardian.co.uk his earlier prediction that unemployment would rise to 2 million by Christmas now looked conservative. Unemployment will be higher up 2 million by Christmas. I am particularly worried at the 56,000 rise in the nu mber of young un busy nation. These are nurture leavers who are unable to get a job or fill benefits, which is why the claimant count has non risen even faster than it has, he said.The number of Britons reveal of work and claiming jobless benefits rose by 31,800 last month to 939,000, the eighth monthly increase in a row, and Augusts rise was revised higher to 35,700. The City had expected a 35,000 increase for September.This so-called claimant count measure is always lower than the broader, internationally recognised ILO measure which includes hatful non claiming benefits, because some unemployed people are not entitled to claim benefits, or choose not to do so.The rise took the claimant count jobless rate up to 2.9%, its highest take since January 2007.The prime minister, Gordon Brown, responded to the figures this morning by pledging the government would do everything it could to create jobs in the UK thriftiness, which is teetering on the brink of recession.The governme nt also announced today it was do an extra 100m available to retrain workers who lose their jobs.The employment minister, Tony McNulty, said the jobs data painted a tough picture of the UK saving But the job is to look forward and see how we raft deal with any drop down in employment rather than talking active the causes.The number of employed people dropped 122,000 to 29.4million over the three-month period.The FTSE 100 fell much than 3% this morning, wiping out all of yesterdays gains. The mood darkened after the unemployment figures, and the superpower of leading shares fell more than 150 points to 4235.6.The Liberal Democrats work and pensions spokeswoman, jennet Willott, urged the government to turn its attention to unemployment and inflation, now the banking rescue package had beeen agreed. reliable families across Britain are suffering, not just those working in the determine Mile. As the number of vacancies shrink, it will be harder and harder to get people suppor t into work. It will not simply be a case of prepare the unemployed if there are no jobs for them to return to, she said.The number of job vacancies dropped by 62,000 from a year ago to 608,000 in the three months to September. And 147,000 people faced redundancy in the three months to August, up by 28,000.For many an(prenominal) people, a bleak Christmas lies ahead as the fallout from stockmarket turmoil spreads to the roost of the economy.Brendan Barber, the general secretary of the TUC, said We are now seeing the topic of the credit crunch on the rest of the economy. I fear that the entire economy will soon feel the impact of the problems in the banking sector.He urged the Bank of England to cut interest rates again to avoid a tremendous recession.Derek Simpson, the joint general secretary of the Unite union, said authorities intervention should not just stop with the banks. Action across the wider economy is necessary to protect jobs and the economy in a recession.Alan Cl arke, UK economist at BNP Paribas, said If you look at the claimant count number, it wasnt as bad as expected, exactly if you look at the ILO, it was simply awful. These numbers are falling off a cliff.In a sign that consumer set inflation now at a 16-year high of 5.2% is not victuals into wages, annual average earnings growth slowed to 3.4% in the three months to August, its weakest in five years.As for pay pressures, the average earnings numbers stick around very subdued, said Philip Shaw, the chief economist at Investec. The labour market appears yet again not to be an inflationary threat to the economy which helps to justify the cut in interest rates last week.Economists conceive it is going to get worse. Thousands of jobs are being lost in the City, where banks hurl merged or collapsed, and on the high street, where growing numbers of retailers are going bust.Manufacturers laid off 46,000 workers in the three months to August, taking the tot number of manufacturing job s to 2.87million, todays figures from the Office for National Statistics showed.Job losings are spread across the economy, with Cadbury announcing 580 job cuts this week and ITV cutting about 1,000 jobs. The Centre for Economics and Business Research estimates 62,000 financial jobs will be lost by the end of next year.Nigel Meager, the director of the Institute for utilisation Studies, said No part of the country is spared. Much attention has concentrate on high-end jobs in the City. In an economic downturn, however, the real human damage is likely to hit lower-skilled workers who come about it harder to move into another job and take a crap less of a financial cushion to see them through fractious times.As vacancies continue to evaporate, competition for any job available will become fierce and the existing long-term unemployed, as well as young people entering the labour market will be particularly disadvantaged.CommentaryOne of a governments macroeconomic goals is low level s of unemployment. Another way of expressing this is to say that governments desire full employment in its economy. Unemployment exists at heart an economy when there are people who are registered as willing, capable and ready to work at the market elucidation wage, but unfortunately do not hold any jobs.The above article deals with the sudden fall in the employment rates occurring in Britain, affecting the stock market, the government expenditure, the redundant employees, and the Britain economy itself. This sharp rise in unemployment has been caused primarily due to the global credit-crunch.Underemployment could also be occurring in the Britain economy since workers wanting full-time jobs would be able to find plainly part-time employment. This would thereby result in lower wages and lower output for each worker.Demand-deficient or cyclical unemployment, which has taken place in Britain, has occurred due to a lack of sufficient goods and services being indigenceed, as well as a poorly operating labour market.This Demand-deficient unemployment is illustrated in the figure belowHerein, the causal factor resulting in disequilibrium unemployment is that labour markets are not working very smoothly. This is so because of the financial crisis, which resulted in companies aiming to live up to cost-cutting measures, and thereby resulting in the labour resisting such wage cuts. Since workers are not passive commodities, the income wages will go up easily but will refrain from falling this is because they are sticky downwards. In the above diagram, the demand for labour falls from ADL1 to ADL2 due to the fall in demand for goods and services. But as mentioned earlier, the workers real incomes do not fall to W2, so long as equilibrium is not attained. This therefore results in the disequilibrium unemployment of Q2- Q1. structural unemployment has also occurred in Britain as the structure of its economy has undergone a severe change. With the degree of unemployment being very serious, Britain is seeing a significant way out of jobs in the real estate, Information technology, and food industries. This is very bad for the economy since this situation can remain for another few months.The Britain government may use the aid of a variety of strategies to reduce the unemployment. This government can provide some aid to the employers and also encourage trade in creating employment. Structural adjustment policies can also be intentional to conform labour skills with the needs of employers, such as retaining schemes and appropriate use of technology Gordon Brown has already chosen this step by announcing 100m for retraining. Even policies designed to stimulate the levels of aggregate demand, such as the use of fiscal and monetary policies, will prove powerive in mitigating the effects of this disaster.But nevertheless, the British government will find the goal of full employment tall(prenominal) to achieve. This would be to reasons such as the unavoidable occurrence of inflation when nerve-wracking to reduce demand-deficient unemployment. The limitations of using Fiscal policies to raise the Aggregate demand would also hinder the act towards attaining full employment. Examples of these would be time-lags and the crowding out effect.The short-term impacts of this situation would include reduction in the government expenditure, arising due to more money being provided as unemployment benefits and also due to less taxation revenue being received by them. Another short-term effect would be the opportunity cost arising in terms of output done for(p) and the indisputable inefficiency.The long-term impacts of this sudden unemployment include the individual and social cost born primarily by the unskilled and lowly-paid workers. These workers will certainly find it difficult to look for suitable jobs in the future. Even the impact on poverty and income distribution is enormous, due to a large volume of workers within the primar y sector being made redundant. In Britain, for example, a majority of the real estate workers are being dismissed. Thus there has caulescent an unequal impact of unemployment in terms of region, urban/rural, gender, race and age. This could be particularly hazardous for in determining the racial distribution of Britain.

Sunday, January 20, 2019

Arctic cap melting

The article vo ice-skating rinks concerns over the unprecedented rapid pace of wintry cap melting. However, the melting bear upon itself poses less(prenominal)er danger to the Earth ecosystem as compared with the feedback mechanisms Arctic ice is involved in. These feedback mechanisms contribute to global warming in three distinct ways.As ice melts, the territory of open ocean irrigate increases. Water has lower reflectivity, or albedo, as compared to ice. This fact entails that water absorbs 80 percent more solar radiation than sea ice does. Thus, the fair weather warms the ocean more quickly, and this process results in a vicious dress circle speeding up global warming.The second way ice melting accelerates climate change is associated with the fact that oceans absorb about half the nose candy dioxide that humans emit into the atmosphere. Yet their ability to absorb carbon dioxide is lowly by the increase in oceans temperature because the gas dissolves less readily in warme r water. Furthermore, warming of oceans implies less mixing betwixt deep and surface waters the process that provides nutrients to plankton that absorb carbon dioxide.Finally, ice melting entails rotting of organic matter contained in the permafrost. This process involves the passing game of carbon dioxide and methane into the Earth atmosphere. Warming also affects wetlands and forests desiccating peat bogs and causing beetle pestilence that kills pine forest.More wildfires occur in dead or dying forests, and the process of combustion emits huge quantities of carbon into the atmosphere.All these alarming signs call for a unite and consistent action by all environmental activists and everyone keen on saving our planet.

Saturday, January 19, 2019

Virtual keyboard

There is a wide range of sophisticated excitant device selections avail able-bodied in the market today. Most of these input devices are designed for ease of consumption. Previous devices are usually authentic and im turn out to devise new inventions fitting for the pressing needs of the ready reckoner client. In some cases, these brand new gadgets are dispensable, simply for subject field entertainment.Browsing by dint of the internet has provided the writer with information about the in vogue(p) input devices that confound swamped the market for gadget finds. I have elect three different keyboard innovations, putting them side by side, to identify their working(a)ity and efficiency. through and through a simple analysis of product descriptions, the value and marketability of each is overly identified.The virtual(prenominal) keyboard is a laser technology that takes input through keyboard to a new level. The virtual keyboard is an I-Tech innovation that is merely a project ion of the meter keyboard interface. Practically speaking, the virtual keyboard can be cast on any(prenominal) type of surface. This is a perfect companion for laptop, PDA, Pocket PC, and Smart Phones users, wedded to traveling around.The virtual keyboard works in a complex manner as it processes movements of the hand and the fingers to identify and carry out various keystrokes. to each one keystroke is coupled with a tapping sound for a realistic feel. It does not use up ofttimes power because when it is not in use, it vanishes automatically from sight. The virtual keyboard can be connected to any device through USB or Bluetooth connection.The FrogPad mini keyboard is another interesting keyboard device because of its size. Its dimensions are smaller than the mend keyboard dimensions and it has only around 20 functional keys. Like the virtual keyboard, it is besides designed for traveling and outdoor use.An interesting fact about the FrogPad mini keyboard is that it is one- handed. Inputting only requires the use of one hand allowing you to do other things small-arm typing. It can be connected to any type of device such as PDA, Laptop, Pocket PCs, Smart Phones, and other varieties of mobile devices through USB. The FrogPad mini keyboard is widely used in computers installed in vehicles because of its functionality and simply because it saves much space. Its newest development is the FrogPad Bluetooth wireless keyboard.The musical note On It keyboard control pedals by Bilbo Innovation, Inc. is a plug and play keyboard peripheral that makes use of a three electronic pedals in replacement of some keyboard keys, such as the Ctrl, Alt and breakage keys. However, designating other keys to each pedal is allowed, as desired by the user. The neutral of the keyboard control pedal is to reduce wrist strains that may have caused by prolonged typing activity.Among the three keyboard innovations listed above, I think the device having the virtually market pote ntial is the FrogPad mini keyboard. A lot people directly are looking for ways to maximize their time and be able to do multiple tasks at the same. The FrogPad mini keyboard enables you to this. As it saves much space, it is overly easy to bring anywhere you want to go, through the use of take hold devices and other computers. It also offers a one-handed feature where it permits multi-tasking.It also comes with features like permutation left hand and the right hand, and its interface allows users for easy input. The I-tech virtual keyboard comes neighboring with regards to market potential. Aside from its attractive and hi-tech design, it is also practical and functional for people on the go. It is best to use it with handheld devices to save space.The more or less interesting thing about it is that it each keystroke is accompanied by a real tapping noise similar to the tapping sound in regular keyboard devices. It was creatively designed and well thought of, producing an inno vation that captures the attention of the computer client. The Step On It keyboard control pedals are impractical. It results to confusion as it changes the way the keyboard is used. It complicates things because you have to mix the use of your fingers and your feet. I would have to say it has not proved its potential for consumer consumption.ReferencesBilbo, (2007) Step On It Keyboard Pedals. Retrieved declination 4, 2007 from Bilbo InnovationsInc. Website http//www.bilbo.com/Fogg, M. (2006) Virtual Laser Keyboard instantaneously Available. Retrieved December 4, 2007, fromOverclocl3d Ltd. Website http//www.overclock3d.net/news.php?type=3&id=491&desc=virtual_laser_keyboard_now_availableHackerStickers, (2006). FrogPad Mini Keyboard USB. Retrieved December 4, 2007, fromHackerStickers.com. Website http//www.hackerstickers.com/products/frogpad-mini-keyboard-usb.shtml 

Thursday, January 17, 2019

How does DNA play a role in inheritance Essay

How does DNA play a role in inheritance? You receive one-half of your DNA from your mother and one-half from your scram Give an case of a dominant and recessive genetic disorder. pack with light eyes tend to carry recessive alleles of the major genes concourse with dark eyes tend to carry dominant alleles. Give an example of an X- and Y- linked disorder.x(Hemophilia By(color blindness)How prat genetics help to predict diseases? Doctors fecal matter give you a predictive genetic test(PGT) to predict future problems. barely let it be known that the test is not 100% conclusion What role does a genetic counselor play in service families with known genetic diseases? A genetic counselor play a very big important role for the patient. They are able to endue complex and difficult to understand information, to both the patient and there family. They overly talk to them about testing, different options, genetic risks and counseling services. What disease(s) is gene therapy shortly world tested on? Hemophilia, Chronic Granulomatus Disorder(CGD), Cancer, Neurodegenerative Diseases and much more. Has gene therapy been approve in the United States? No.If gene therapy has been approved in the US, what is it being used to treat? If gene therapy has not been approved in the US, wherefore not? Gene therapy is still in the investigative stage. The only appearance to get gene therapy in the US is to go through clinical trials. What are some of the safety issues associated with gene therapy? it usually has to be delivered development a carrier, called a vector. The most common gene therapy vectors are viruses because they can recognize certain cells and carry genetic material into the cells genes. Researchers remove the master disease-causing genes from the viruses, replacing them with the genes needed to stop disease. Unwanted immune system reaction, Targeting the do by cells, Infection caused by the virus, Possibility of causing a tumo Do you imagine that gene therapy is ethical? Why or why not? Its terrible to say. For someone who needs it(a sick person), I think its a possiblilty.

Geology Study Guide Essay

take in the one alternative that best completes the financial educational activity or answers the promontory.1) What ar the staple fiber differences between the disciplines of physical and historical geology?1)A)physical geology is the show of fossils and sequences of brandish strata historical geology is the study of how stimulate n rolls and minerals were employ in the pastB)physical geology involves the study of didder strata, fossils, and deposition in relation to plate movements in the geological past historical geology charts how and where the plates were miserable in the pastC)historical geology involves the study of rock strata, fossils, and geologic events, utilizing the geologic snip scale as a reference physical geology includes the study of how rocks progress to and of how erosion shapes the land surfaceD)none of the to a higher place physical geology and historical geology argon essenti all toldy the homogeneous2)________ was the highly influential, an cient Greek philosopher noned for his belles-lettres and teachings2) on natural philosophy and on the working(a)s of flat coat.A) PappagapolisB) AristotleC) NeroD) Odysseus3)Comp ard to the age of country judge as correct today, how did 17th and eighteenth century proponents3) of catastrophism depict the Earths age?A)They believed it to be about the resembling as current estimates, give or take a few one billion million million years. B)They believed Earth to be much younger than current estimates C)They believed Earth to be much quondam(a) than currentestimates D)None of the above they didnt really head the age of Earth4) Which one of the adjacent bills and inferences is consistent with the idea of4) uniformitarianism?A)lava flows on the seafloor precipitated from sea irrigateB)sand rolling along a stream bottom shows that situate is moving downstream C)erupting volcanoes overlie burning, subterranean, coal beds D)all of the above5)________ was an important 18th c entury English geologist and proponent of uniformitarianism.5) A) Isaac NewtonB) James HuttonC) Charles LyellD) James guide 6)The currently accepted age of Earth is ________ years.6) A) 4.6 billionB) 6.4 millionC) 6.4 zillionD) 4.6 thousand 7)Which of the by-line best describes the fundamental concept of superposition?7) A)older fossils in younger strata indicate a locally inverted geologic time scale B)any aqueous deposit accumulates on older rock or sediment layersC)strata with fossils are by and large deposited on strata with no fossilsD)older strata generally are deposited on younger strata without intervening, intermediate age strata8)The ________ division of the geologic time scale is an era of the Phanerozoic eon.8) A) PaleozoicB) PermianC) ProterozoicD) Paleocene9)The ________ forms the relatively cool, toffee plates of plate tectonics.9) A) asthenosphereB) eosphereC) astrosphereD) lithosphere110)A ________ is a well-tested and widely accepted view that best explains accredited scientific10) observations.A) generalizationB) lawC) assumptionD) surmise11)All of the chase are possible steps of scientific investigation except for ________.11) A)the development of one or to a greater extent(prenominal) working hypotheses or models to explain facts B)development of observations and experiments to test the hypotheses C)assumption of conclusions without prior experimentation or observation D)the collection of scientific facts through observation and appreciatement12)________ rocks form by watch crystal glass and integrating of molten magma.12) A) IndigenousB) PrimaryC) IgneousD) sedimentary13)________ rocks always originate at the surface of the solid Earth.13) A) SecondaryB) aqueousC) MetamorphicD) Igneous14)During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, betoken observations showed that a glacier14) in Switzerland flowed forward in the downhill direction tour its snout (terminus) was retreating higher up the valley? Which of the by-line explains these observations in a rational, scientific way?A)cooler temperatures meant slower forward glacier flow resulting in snout retreat B)the glacial surmise was finally accepted as a scientific theoryC)the be inclineding rate of ice in the glacier exceeded the rate at which new s instantaneously and ice were added to the glacierD)rocky debris in the valley downhill from the snout was deposited by Noahs flood15)In correct order from the center outward, Earth includes which units?15) A) core, cheekiness, mantle, hydrosphereB) inside(a) core, outside core,mantle, archness C) inward core, crust, mantle, hydrosphereD) core, inner mantle, outer mantle, crust 16)The ________ refers to the sum total of all life on Earth.16) A) biosphereB) atmosphereC) hydrosphereD) asthenosphere 17)A ________ system is one in which energy moves freely in and out, but no matter enters or leaves17) the system.A) equilibratedB) feedbackC) closedD) slack18)________ is often paraphrased as the present is the profound to the past.18) A) wayfaring logicB) Biblical prophecyC) CatastrophismD) Uniformitarianism19)________, a popular natural philosophy of the 17th and early 18th centuries, was based on a true19) belief in a very short geologic memoir for Earth.A) ExoschismB) UniformitarianismC) EcospherismD) Catastrophism20)The ________ proposes that the bodies of our solar system formed at essentially the very(prenominal) time from20) a rotating obscure of plashes and spit.A) Big Band theoryB) Heliocentric theoryC) Nebular hypothesisD) Plate Tectonics theory221)The ________ is not a part of the Earths physical environment.21) A) solid EarthB) atmosphereC) hydrosphereD) astrosphere 22)________ is the process by which rocks breakdown in place to draw soils and sediments.22) A) LithificationB) MetamorphismC) WeatheringD) Subduction 23)Which one of the undermentioned statements is not correct?23) A)magmas crystallize to form pyrogenetic rocksB)sedimentary rocks may weather to igneous rocksC)igneous rocks can undergo metamorphismD)metamorphic rocks may melt to magma24)The composition of the core of Earth is concept to be ________.24) A)peridotiteB) graniteC) basaltD) solid iron-nickel deprave25)The asthenosphere is actually a part of the ________ of the Earth.25) A) mantleB) outer coreC) inner coreD) crust26)The ________ is thought to be a liquid, gold-bearing area in the Earths interior.26) A) inner coreB) lithosphereC) outer coreD) mantle27)The ________ is the thinnest layer of the Earth.27)A) mantleB) outer coreC) inner coreD) crust28)All of the hobby provide evidence or clues to the composition of Earths interior except for28) ________.A)slivers of crustal and mantle rocks now exposed at Earths surface B) adamant-bearing rocksC)cometsD)meteorites29)The relatively still interior portion of a continent is cognize as a ________.29) A) bucklerB) cratonC) beltD) platform30)Active mountain belts are some likely to be found ________.30) A )along only the eastern margins of continentsB)scattered throughout continentsC)along the margins of continentsD)in the interior regions of continents31) The Continental shelf is located ________.31)A)between the continental boot out and the abyssal plainsB)landward of the continental slopeC)between the continental slope and continental attireD)seaward of the continental slope32) The to the highest degree prominent feature on the marine floor are the ________.32) A) deep-ocean trenchesB) seamountsC) oceanic ridgesD) lava plateaus333) In sedimentary rocks, lithification includes ________.33)A) crystallization and coolingB) cementation and weathering C) compaction and cementationD) compaction and transportation poor ANSWER. spell out the record or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.Word Analysis. look the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the kin among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option which does not fit t he pattern.34) a. hypothesisb. theoryc. factd. observation34)35) a. hydrosphereb. biospherec. atmosphered. solid Earth35) 36) a. protosunb. Oort obliteratec. protoplanetsd. meteorites36) 37) a. crustb. mantlec. lithosphered. core37)38) a. mountain beltb. shieldc. cratond. stable platform38) 39) a. abyssal plainb. seamountc. oceanic ridged. continental slope39) 40) a. pressureb. foliationc. hydrothermal fluidsd. melting40)TRUE/FALSE. Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is false.41)Aristotle and other prominent Greek philosophers were the first ones to promote the doctrine of41) uniformitarianism. F42)Internally, the Earth consists of spherical shells with antithetic compositions and densities. T42) 43)The asthenosphere is a relatively cool and rigid shell that overlies the lithosphere. F43) 44)The doctrineof uniformitarianism implies that the current forces and processes shaping the Earth44) have been operating for a very long time. T45)The law of superposition applies primarily to sedimentary rocks and lava flows. T45) 46)The currently accepted age of Earth is approximately 4.5 million years. F46) 47)A scientific theory is a tentative or untested explanation that is proposed to explain scientific47) observations. F48)Oceans cover some less than half of the Earths surface. F48) 49)In an open system both energy and matter flow into and out of the system. T49) 50)According to the nebular hypothesis, all of the bodies in the universe evolved from a rotating cloud50) of gases and dust about 5 billion years ago. F451)The lithosphere, asthenosphere, and mesosphere are all layers of Earth defined by their composition. T52)Much of our theoretical account of Earths interior comes from the study of seismic or earthquake waves. T53)Continental shields and stable platforms are part of the interior region known as a craton. T54)According to the rock cycle, any type of rock (igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic) may be transformed into another type of rock, condition enough time. T55)Igneous rocks are produced largely by the deposition and consolidation of surface materials like sand and mud. F nearsighted ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.56) magnetic dip the ii, broad, traditional subject areas of geologic study. Physical, Historical56) 57)The statement the present is the key to the past, describes what basic geologic concept or57) doctrine? Uniformitarianism58)The ________ states that fossil organisms win one another in a definite and58) determinable order. normal of fossil succession59)In natural systems, mechanisms that drive or set up change are calledPositive feedback59) 60)The thin, outer layer of Earth, from 7 to 40 km in thickness, is called the Crust60) 61)The ________ is the relatively rigid zone above the asthenosphere that includes the crust61) and upper mantle. Lithosphere62)The ________ is the solid, rocky shell between the crust and outer core. Mantle 62) 63)The convective flow of liquid, antimonial iron in the ________ is thought to generate Earths63) magnetic field. Outer core64) paltry from the shoreline towards the deep-ocean basin, the continental margin may64) include the continental shelf________, _slope_______, and the ___rise_____. 65)What type of rock comprises about of the exposed surface of Earth (roughly 75%)?Sedimentary 65)  septuple CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statementor answers the question.66) Which of the spare-time activity best defines a mineral and a rock?66)A)a mineral consists of its section atoms arranged in a geometrically repetitive building in a rock, the atoms are randomly bonded without any geometric patternB)a rock consists of atoms bonded in a regular, geometrically predictable arrangement a mineral is a consolidated aggregate of varied rock jotsC)in a mineral the constituent atoms are bonded in a regular, repetitive, internal structure a rock is a lithifi ed or consolidated aggregate of different mineral grainsD)a rock has an orderly, repetitive, geometrical, internal arrangement of minerals a mineral is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of rocks67)Which of the following is not a fundamental particle found in atoms?67) A) neutronB) protonsC) electronD) selectron68)Atoms of the same element, zinc for example, have the same flake of ________.68) A) electrons in the valence bond levelB) electrons in the center C) protons in the nucleusD) neutrons in the outer nuclear shell 69)Which of the following is an accurate description of ionic bonding?69)A)nuclei of bonding atoms exchange electrons the resulting ions are bonded unneurotic by the attractive forces between the negative and positive nucleonsB)atoms of different elements, having gained or lost electrons, form negative and positive ions that are bonded together by attractive forces between ions with opposite chargesC)atoms of two different elements deal out electrons and prot ons the resulting compound is bonded together by the strong, binding energy of shared protonsD)nuclei of two different atoms share electrons, and the resulting compound is tightly bonded by the very strong, induced, electronuclear bonds70) Which of the following is correct for isotopes of the same element?70) A)the atoms have different figs of neutrons and the same number of protons B)the atoms have different rime of electrons but the same number of neutrons C)the atoms have the same number of electrons and different numbers of protons D)the atoms have different numbers of protons and the same number of neutrons71)What mineral is the hardest known substance in nature?71) A) muscoviteB) silicateC) diamondD) native metal(prenominal)72)Which carbonate mineral reacts pronto with cool, sheer hydrochloric acid to produce visible72) bubbles of carbon dioxide gas?A) calciteB) dolomiteC) quartzD) plagioclase73)Which mineral is composed of silicon dioxide (Si02)?73) A) diamondB) quartzC) olivineD) calcite74)Which of the following minerals is a silicate?74)A) calciteB) haliteC) hematiteD) muscovite675)A cubic centimeter of quartz, olivine, and gold weigh 2.5, 3.0, and 19.8 grams respectively. This75) indicates that ________.A) gold is 6 to 7 times harder than olivine and quartzB) gold has a higher parsimony and specific gravity than quartz and olivine C) olivine and quartz powders are harder than metallic gold D) gold and olivine are silicates, quartz is elemental silicon 76)Which one of the following is a sodium and calcium feldspar with twinning striations?76)A) microclineB) orthoclaseC) plagioclaseD) sanidine77)Which of the following minerals is a ferromagnesian silicate?77) A) muscoviteB) quartzC) hornblendeD) orthoclase78)Which of the following minerals is in the mineral multitude known as mica?78) A) augiteB) muscoviteC) olivineD) orthoclase79)Which of the following best characterizes ferromagnesian silicates?79) A)they yield magnetite and ferroite and they are clear to light green B)they are mostly clear, colorless, and rich in the elements atomic number 12 and ferrium C)they are black to dark-green, silicate minerals containing iron and magnesium D)they contain iron and magnetite, are black in color, and they have metallic flares80)Which one of the following mineral groups exhibits a sheet-like silicate structure?80) A) claysB) feldsparsC) carbonatesD) pyroxenes81)Which one of the following is a typical product of weathering?81) A) claysB) feldsparsC) micasmicasD) ferromagnesians82)The ion at the center of a silicate tetrahedron is encircled by ________.82) A) 4 type O ionsB) 4 sodium ionsC) 6 type O ionsD) 6 sodium ions 83)Which one of the following describes a minerals response to mechanical impact?83) A) crystal formB) glitterC) stripesD) segmentation84)Chrysotile, crocidolite, and amosite are different mineralogical forms of what industrial84) commodity?A) Portland cementB) gemstonesC) asbestosD) metallic sulfide ores85)Whi ch of the following diseases has been linked directly to prolonged inhalation of asbestos dust?85) A) diabetesB) lung cancerC) glaucomaD) muscular dystrophy86)Which of the following is the unit of fish used for measuring diamonds (about 0.2 grams)?86) A) caratB) Troy ounceC) kiloD) point87)Which of the following denotes the purity of gold used in jewelry?87)A) caretteB) carlotC) carnotD) karat788)Ruby and sapphire are red and blue forms of the mineral ________.88) A) diamondB) corundumC) emeraldD) turquoise89)All silicate minerals contain which two elements?89) A) iron, siliconB) silicon, oxygenC) oxygen, carbonD) silicon, sodium 90)Which mineral is good soluble in water at room temperature conditions?90) A) haliteB) diamondC) talcD) olivine91)What element is the most abundant in the Earths crust by weight?91) A) chlorineB) carbonC) oxygenD) sodium92)The strong tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel planes is known as92) ________.A) give awaying brillianceB ) cleavageC) crystal formD) streak93)What in the name given to an atom that gains or loses electrons in a chemic substance reaction?93) A) isotopeB) ionC) blood cellD) nucleon94)An atoms mass number is 13 and its nuclear number is 6. How many neutrons are in its nucleus?94) A) 13B) 7C) 6D) 1995)Which one of the following is not true for minerals?95) A)they have a specific, predictable chemical substance compositionB)they have a specific, internal, crystalline structureC)they can be a liquid, solid, or glassD)they can be identified by characteristic physical properties96)In which type of chemical bonding are electrons shared between adjacent atoms?96) A) isotopicB) subatomicC) covalentD) ionic97)How do the electrons behave in a mineral with metallic bonding?97) A)they are tightly bound to certain atoms and cannot readily move B)they move to adjacent negative ions, forming positive ions C)they react with protons to hurl neutrons in the outer valence shells D)they can move relative ly easily from atom to atom inside the mineral98)Which group of minerals are the most abundant in the Earths crust?98) A) chloridesB) silicatesC) carbonatesD) sulfides99)Which the following denotes the massive, positively charged, nuclear particles?99) A) neutronsB) protonsC) isotronsD) electrons100)What are the lightest or least massive of the basic atomic particles?100) A) electronsB) uranium nucleiC) protonsD) neutrons101)Which of the following has the highest specific gravity?101) A) goldB) quartzC) woodD) water8102)Which of the following will react readily with acids such(prenominal) as hydrochloric?102) A) calciteB) diamondC) talcD) quartz103)Which of the following describes the light reflecting and transmission system characteristics of a mineral?103) A) fluorescenceB) virtual absorptionC) color streakD) luster104)What is the name of dark-colored mica?104)A) biotiteB) quartzC) calciteD) olivine105)Hornblende and the other amphiboles have what type of silicate structure?105) A) sheetB) double chainsC) 3-D frameworkD) metallicSHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.Word Analysis. Examine the words and/or phrases for each question below and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the option which does not fit the pattern.106) a. electronb. atomc. protond. neutron106)107) a. hardnessb. streakc. lusterd. cleavage107)108) a. quartzb. olivinec. feldspard. calcite108)109) a. olivineb. quartzc. amphiboled. pyroxene109)110) a. galenab. calcitec. gypsumd. halite110)TRUE/FALSE. Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is false.111)Calcite and dolomite are both carbonate minerals. T112)Graphite and diamond have the same chemical compositions and different crystalline structures. T113)Rocks are aggregates of one or more minerals. T114)Mineral luster is broadly classified as either beingness metallic or opaque. F115)Electrically neutral atoms have equal numbers o f electrons and protons. T116)Rock-forming silicate minerals have higher specific gravities than water. T117)In a silicon-oxygen geomorphologic unit, silicon atoms occupy corners of a tetrahedron. F118)Calcite and halite react with dilute acids to evolve carbon dioxide. F119)All atoms of the same element have the same atomic number. F120)Orthoclase and plagioclase feldspars have quite different forms of cleavage. F121)Diamond and quartz are both minerals composed of a single element. F122)The micas, biotite and muscovite, both exhibit one direction of cleavage. T123)Nonmetallic minerals like quartz and gypsum have no industrial uses. F124)Ferromagnesian silicate minerals contain some magnesium and/or iron. T125)Positive ions are atoms that have gained electrons during a chemical reaction. F126)Isotopes of the same element have the same mass number. FSHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.127)Mohs hardness scale is a relative measure of which physical property of minerals? Hardness127) 128)What physical property denotes the color of apowdered mineral? Streak128) 129)The physical property denoting a minerals tendency to crack along parallel, planar129) surfaces is known as what? Cleavage130)What is the hardest mineral known? Diamond130)131)What is the chemical composition of plumbago and diamond? Carbon131) 132)In atoms, which electrons are involved in chemical bonding? The valence electrons/outer shell132) 133)A compound is a stable chemical substance composed of two or more what? Elements133) 134)What is the dominant form of chemical bonding exhibited by minerals such as native gold,134) native copper and copper-rich sulfides? Metallic135)What two major characteristics split minerals from natural glasses? highly viscous cools quickly135) 136)Most glasses and some minerals exhibit a type of fracture characterized by nested and136) curved, crack surfaces. What term describes this property? conchoidal fracture 137)Parallel, straight, linear imperfections visible on the cleavage surfaces of plagioclase137) feldspar are called what? Striations138)What is the smallest particle of matter that exhibits and defines the distinctive chemical138) characteristics of the individual elements? Atoms139)What ferromagnesian silicate mineral is named for its green color? Olivine139)140) What mineral group forms by the breakdown and weathering of rock-forming silicate140) minerals and are important constituents of soils? ClayESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.141) enounce the various parts of an atom in the diagram below.11

Wednesday, January 16, 2019

Juvenile Justice: Incarceration vs. Intervention Essay

AbstractThe national trend towards acquire tough on modern abomination by altering the puerile arbitrator scheme to more closely mirror the large(p) system was examined in order of battle to determine whether restore trade union movement of fresh offenders is as effective as community-based reconstructive and treatment programs for these callowness. Politicians and semipublic perceptions live with allowed the new-fangled legal expert system to evolve from atomic number 53 of squ ar away based persuasion to one of penalisation based thinking, placing more young offenders in upright facilities than ever before. The social repercussions of bulletproof confinement of insipids, without the occasion of proper rehabilitative tools, including cultivation and animateness-building skills, be evident as early days argon existence set aside rather than existence encourage to become fur-bearing members of their communities.  non a day goes by where our nation al media doesnt business relationship on stories involving heinous and criminal acts committed by news in the united States. late delinquency is a fact of life ranging from minor posture offenses to unimagincapable acts of violence. When dealing with young offenders, there argon always exhausting decisions to make concerning appropriate vindicatements that take both public safety and the necessarily of the new-fashioned into account. In response to a recognizable increment in offspring crime, getting tough on teenaged delinquency and holding young offenders more accountable has been the national trend in the past(a) two decades (Brinks, 2004). M any argue that removing teenages from the environment in which their crimes were committed is the nigh triumphful deterrent of future negative behavior. But what does potent confinement provide these troubled jejunes aside from isolation from the negative influences they may be subjected to on the outside? Should youn g offenders be incarcerated for their crimes as they would be as adults, or is it possible to rehabilitate a juvenile delinquent without the theatrical role of detention or incarceration? Of course, juvenile offenders must be held accountable for their offenses it is an essential element in the natural process of learning and maturation.However, the immaturity that is seen in children and adolescents is an indicator that these behaviors ordain non be well deterred by harsh punitive action, but rather be better served by rehabilitative attempts. The fact that young offenders tend to outgrow their noncon impressity is thus far more of a reason to believe that a castigatory approach to these juveniles will not be successful in reaching deterrent or rehabilitative goals (Young & antiophthalmic factor Gainsborough, 2000). Because of these matters, community programs and intense intervention are more effective than determine confinement when it comes to juvenile delinquency rehabi litation. In order to explore the effectiveness of treatment and intervention versus incarceration of juveniles, it is helpful to look for at the original intentions of the juvenile nicety system and how the system has since evolved. The call into question of rehabilitation versus incarceration of juvenile delinquents came to a head in the recently 1800s, resulting in the creation of the first juvenile beg system in the United States. Prior to this metre, institutionalized children were held along with adults, and no efforts were being make to teach them the necessary skills they required to make supportive contributions to society. After centuries of treating precise young children as property, and those over the age of five or 6 as simply little adults when it came to criminal misconduct, it was finally recognized, and widely accepted, that the developmental differences between juveniles and adults provided an increased opportunity for the successful rehabilitation of juv eniles outside of secure confinement. The early years of the juvenile justice system steeringed on recovering the lives of the juvenile offenders before they were completely immersed in a life of criminal activity. The states took on the role of parents or parens patriae (state as guardian) and lowtook the parenting responsibility until the juveniles showed modify behaviors, or became adults. recents were no longer tried as adult offenders, and recover houses, rather than prisons, were used to emphasize behavior reform rather than punishment (Brinks, 2004). The juvenile justice systems focusing on reform continued throughout much of the 20th century.Changes began emerging in the juvenile court system in the mid 1900s. During this time, the briny objective of juvenile justice remained focused on reformation rather than criminal punishment, however, principles which were not previously in induct, were being established by the Supreme Court, requiring juvenile courts to guar antee specific constitutional protections to young offenders. These protections included the right to be represented by an attorney, the right against self-incrimination and the right to hear the testimony against them (Ramsey & angstrom Abrams, 2004, p. 42). Although these rights are in line with constitutional rights afforded adults, legion(predicate) inwardly the juvenile justice system were concerned that the courts reformative techniques would be lessened if the same constitutional rights were applied to children as to adults. umpire tinker Stewart expressed concern that the courts decision would convert a juvenile proceeding into a criminal prosecution (History of the Statess, 2008). While constitutional rights must now be afforded to everyone, this was the first of galore(postnominal) changes which began to alter the historical intent of the juvenile justice system. Until 1980, early(a) changes in the juvenile justice system seemed to consistently refer back to the main objective of its creation. The Juvenile immorality Pr til nowtion and Control Act of 1968 encouraged states to establish programs geared towards the prevention and rehabilitation of juvenile delinquency at the community level. These programs, once approved, were eligible to receive federal funding. The Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 built upon the 1968 act and increased nationwide rehabilitative efforts for juvenile offenders. If states wished to receive funding under this act, they were required to take away all juveniles within their jurisdictions from secure confinement facilities and separate them from convicted adults, building on the belief of writer Morrison Swift who commented on jailing young offenders with adults, young and impressionable offenders were being carried off to Rutland with more hardened men, there to receive an education in lawlessness from their experienced associates (Swift, 1911).Despite these steps towards delinquency pre vention, or perhaps because of them, public perception towards an increase in juvenile crime in the mid-eighties caused radically different changes to begin to take place within the juvenile justice system. In the past two decades, the U.S. has gravitated towards a get tough approach with juvenile delinquents. In the mid 1980s and early 1990s, the U.S. saw a steep rise in raving mad juvenile crime, a predictable increase in the juvenile population, and legion(predicate) high profile occurrences of youth crime such as public school shootings in Paducah, KY and Columbine mellow School in Littleton, CO. In 1996, Janet Reno, U.S. Attorney General stated, no corner of America is safe from change magnitude levels of criminal violence, including violence committed by and against juveniles (Zavlek, 2005). Americans feared that they were under assault by a generation of adolescent time-bombs and that solo the renunciation of soft educational and rehabilitative approaches, in favor o f strict and stern discipline a zero tolerance approach could effectively trade the issues (Browne, 2003, p. 10). In reaction to these public fears, legislatures resolved to crack-down on juvenile crime, even though by the mid 1990s, juvenile arrest judge for crazy offenses were as low as they had been 20 years earlier. State and topical anaesthetic laws imposing harsher punishments on juvenile offenders were enacted, and in turn, more youth were brought into the court system for longer amounts of time (McCord, Widom & angstrom unit Crowell, 2001). This led to an extremely braggy population of young offenders being held, to this day, in secure confinement facilities. detain juvenile detention facilities have become the nearly accepted form of punishment for youthful offenders. Although there was a 66% increase in the juvenile arrest rate during the late 1980s and early 1990s, from 139 arrests per 100,000 youth in 1986 to 231 arrests per 100,000 in 1993, there was an even la rger, 74% increase in the material body of youth confined in secure facilities during that same period.Furthermore, in 2001, when juvenile crime rates were comparable to the rates in 1980, the procedure of youth confined in secure juvenile or adult detention centers was more than double the number in 1980 51,000 on any given day in 1980, compared to 104,000 on an average day in 2001. Additionally, despite the dramatic castigate in juvenile arrest rates since 1994, more than 44%, there has not been a parallel decline in youth confinement, which has stayed relatively constant since 1995 (Sickmund, 2002). This increased reliance on secure detention accommodations brings with it several concerns regarding the present juvenile justice pattern of confinement. After looking at the apparent trends in the United States in regards to juvenile crime rates and a propensity towards harsher punishments despite a seeming decrease in juvenile delinquency, there are concerns which get up o ut of the adult adjudication and incarceration of our youth. Melissa Sickmund claims that one of the largest concerns about secure detention and confinement of juveniles is overcrowding of facilities. She estimates that 39% of juvenile detention facilities are lodging more residents than they are meant to accommodate, creating dangerous situations for management, and hindering opportunities for treatment and rehabilitation (Sickmund, 2002). Overcrowding of facilities presents many a(prenominal) challenges for administrators, capableness rehabilitators, and the confined youth. Opportunities for educational development, such as obtaining a GED, for youth detained for extended periods of time, are extremely limited. Furthermore, mental wellness needs cannot be appropriately addressed. It is estimated that between 50 70% of juveniles who are incarcerated have identifiable mental health issues and up to a quarter of those may be suicidal, but access to proper treatment is difficult i n displace facilities (Wasserman, Ko & angstrom McReynolds, 2004). In addition to the physical, educational and mental health needs of confined youth not being successfully met, unverified effectiveness of detention and confinement is another major concern.Recidivism rates are extremely high for youth confined in correctional units, such as education schools, where up to 70% of released youth are rearrested within one or two years after their release (Wiebush et al., 2005). Not only are there substantial concerns for the well-being of juveniles in secure facilities, the cost of operating and continuing to construct these facilities is extraordinary. In the year 2000 alone, at least $10-$15 billion was expended in the United States for juvenile justice, more or less of which went towards paying confinement expenses (Mendel, 2000). Rather than focus on treatment and instruct skills which will help these juveniles become productive members of society, these facilities create a im mense separation from family and community, succeeding only in isolating these youth and do community re-entry difficult (Wiebush et al., 2005). Because of these, and other, issues, positive alternatives to incarceration for young offenders must be made available and used to the fullest extent possible. As is illustrated by the many concerns surrounding the secure confinement of juvenile offenders, its ineffectiveness is apparent, and there are much more advantageous and beneficial alternatives available to these youth. According to Rolf Loeber and David Farrington, secure confinement should be reserved only for those juveniles who are a credibly threat to themselves or public safety, and even then, small, community based facilities are preferable. They contend that The most effective strategy for treating and rehabilitating juvenile offenders and preventing recidivism is a comprehensive, community-based lesson that integrates prevention programming a continuum of pretrial an d sentencing placement options, operate and sanctions and aftercare programs (Loeber &type A Farrington, 1998, p 333).Community-based curricula are affordable alternatives available to a large number of juvenile offenders, which are intended to decrease crowding, cut costs of maintaining juvenile detention centers, protect offenders from the negative attention of institutionalization, and help sustain positive relationships between the youth and their families and communities while discouraging association with youth who have similar, or more serious criminal histories. One community-based program which has turn up to be very effective as an alternative to secure confinement for juveniles is bag detention. Home detention requires the offender to remain at home either at all quantify, at all times when not in school or working, or at night. During home detention, supervisors, commonly paraprofessional outreach workers, have much more frequent contact with the youth than traditi onalistic probation officers, but the juveniles are allowed to remain with family in their communities (Ball, Huff & Lilly, 1998, p. 158). High levels of success are reported with home detention programs. Studies conducted in California, Ohio and aluminum have reported an 89-97% success rate with their home detention programs, success being measured by recidivism rates, which were generally under 8%, compared to up to 70% for those youth being held in secure detention (Austin, Johnson & Weitzer, 2005).In addition to keeping children within their communities, community-based treatment and therapy has been pegged as one of the most effective treatments for juvenile delinquency. A goal of community-based treatment is to increase parental authority and charge as well as focus on any school, family or interpersonal needs or potential problems (Cullen & Gendreau, 2000). There are many successful intensive supervision programs (ISPs) of this type across the country. One such program is the San Francisco based postponement Diversion Advocacy Program (DDAP). Juveniles are referred to DDAP by parents, courts, probation officers or other community agencies. Upon referral to the program, DDAP identifies potential problems, and presents a rehabilitative plan to the court. Offenders live at home, and they and their families are provided with needed services by DDAP case workers. A 2007 consume of DDAP found that the recidivism rate of juveniles in this program was less than half that of juveniles who were held in detention facilities for at least 3 days (24 percent versus 60 percent) (Sheldon, 2009). Many reasons were cited for DDAPs success, including smaller caseloads, freedom of the caseworkers from administrative limitations of the juvenile justice system, and the programs emphasis on treatment and educational services along with precise goals to follow the youths progress (Sheldon, 2009). akin(predicate) programs are also in place for those youth who a re unable to return to their homes or families for any reason. sermon hold dear care programs are suitable alternative locations in the community for those children who may not be able to live at home.Treatment foster care programs are unlike traditional group homes or foster homes in that the foster care families are actively recruited and specially trained to care for only one youth at a time in their home. The training provided to the foster parents stresses behavior management methods in order to provide the youth in their care with structure and a corrective living environment. veritable(a) after training, daily support is provided by case managers through telephone set calls and visits. Biological families are also provided family therapy services. Random evaluations of these programs have shown that recidivism rates are lower among these participants than in those in traditional group homes and secure facilities (Greenwood, 2008). Treatment foster care programs are anoth er example of successful alternatives to juvenile detention. As has been shown in the above examples, the research that exists in regards to juvenile justice suggests that community-based alternatives to detention and secure confinement of juveniles are at least, and most times more, effective in reducing recidivism rates among young offenders, while being significantly lower in cost to operate. Despite noticeable decreases in juvenile crime, many jurisdictions are still faced with the problems of overcrowding in their juvenile detention facilities. In addition to the many negative consequences surrounding overcrowding, such as the facilitys inability to maintain safety and security, most youth will simply not benefit from confinement without the use of evidence based programs (Greenwood, 2008). Effectively dealing with juvenile delinquency involves a myriad of issues ranging from the immaturity of young offenders to the changing trends of juvenile crime. When looking at the man y possible outcomes of both incarceration and alternate forms of punishment, we should be able to draw a better conclusion about what types of punishments or treatments are most effective for this group of offenders. As a community, we must focus on opportunities to mentor and grow the youth of today into productive contributors of tomorrows society. To achieve this, youthful offenders must be embraced, not forgotten.ReferencesAustin, J., Johnson, K. D., & Weitzer, R. U.S. discussion section of Justice, baron of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. (2005). Alternatives to the secure detention and confinement of juvenile offenders. Retrieved from website https//www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/208804.pdf Ball, R., Huff, C., and Lilly, J. 1988. House Arrest and Correctional Policy Doing time at home. Beverly Hills, CA Sage Publications.Brinks, D. O. (2004, Jan). Immaturity, normative competence, and juvenile transfer How (not) to punish minors for major crimes. Retrieved fro m http//philosophyfaculty.ucsd.edu/faculty/dbrink/pdf articles/Immaturity, Normative Competence, and Juvenile Transfer.pdf Browne, J.A. 2003. DERAILED The schoolhouse to poky track. Washington, DCAdvancement Project.Cullen, F., and Gendreau, P. 2000. 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