Canada and Cannabis Prohibition Essays

Canada and Cannabis Prohibition Essays Canada and Cannabis Prohibition Essay Canada and Cannabis Prohibition Essay The prohibition of cannabis needs to stop, now. In Canada, possession of any quantity of cannabis is illegal and punishable by up to six months in federal prison, unless it has been prescribedby a doctor. Recreational cannabis should be legalized in Canada because it will reduce criminal activity, it is already very commonplace in society, it is a very effective and safe alternative to many modern medications, and it will bring in billions of tax dollars to the government. The legalization of recreational cannabis use would drastically alter the criminal justice system. It is no secret all prisons are overcrowded. According to an infographic recently released by the Federal Bureau of Prisons, over 50 percent of inmates currently in federal prison are there for drug offenses. To put things into perspective, in 1970, only 16 percent of inmates were drug offenders. â€Å"Between October 2012 and September 2013, 27.6 percent of drug offenders were locked up for crimes related to marijuana, followed by powder cocaine (22.5 percent), methamphetamine (22.5 percent), crack cocaine (11.5 percent), heroin (8.8 percent) and other (7.2 percent), according to the Sentencing Commission.† (Miles ). Legalizing recreational cannabis would cut down on half of all drug-related arrests. Instead of having these mostly innocent men and women locked up, they could be could be contributing to society and paying taxes. If any skepticism arises when the fact that legali zing cannabis would have a positive impact on the criminal system, just ask Colorado. All forms of cannabis use were legalized in January of 2014 in the state of Colorado, and they are enjoying the benefits: â€Å"Just three months after Colorado voters helped pass the legalization of cannabis, Denver is enjoying a 14.6% decrease in crime from the same time last year† (Sarich ). Legalizing recreational cannabis would reduce crime rates and save the failing prison system. Moreover, cannabis use i

Tiempos de demora para la green card por familia

Tiempos de demora para la green card por familia Actualmente, el tiempo de demora para sacar la tarjeta de residencia permanente en Estados Unidos por peticià ³n de un ciudadano estadounidense o de un residente permanente legal varà ­a de entre seis meses a 23 aà ±os, aproximadamente. El tiempo de demora depende de quià ©n realiza la peticià ³n, a quià ©n pide y la nacionalidad del pedido. En este artà ­culo se informa sobre los parentescos y cà ³mo afectan a las demoras para la tarjeta, tambià ©n conocida como green card, cules son actualmente los tiempos de demora para cada una de las categorà ­as de peticià ³n por familia y, finalmente, se seà ±alan advertencias que deben tenerse en cuenta. Categorà ­as de familiares y cà ³mo afectan a demoras de green card Segà ºn las leyes migratorias de Estados Unidos hay dos grandes categorà ­as de familiares: En primer lugar, los familiares inmediatos de ciudadanos estadounidenses, que son à ºnicamente sus padres, cà ³nyuge e los hijos solteros menores de 21 aà ±os. En segundo lugar, se encuentran todas las dems personas que pueden ser pedidas por un familiar, es decir: hijos de ciudadanos casados de cualquier edadhijos de ciudadanos solteros mayores de 21 aà ±os,hermanos de ciudadanosesposos de residentes permanenteshijos solteros de residentes permanentes menores de 21 aà ±oshijos solteros de residentes permanentes mayores de 21 aà ±os Para los primeros, es decir, para los familiares inmediatos de ciudadanos no hay là ­mites en el nà ºmero de tarjetas de residencia que se pueden aprobar por aà ±o fiscal. Por lo tanto, se tramitan inmediatamente todas las peticiones que recibe USCIS. La demora responde simplemente a lo que necesita para la tramitacià ³n. En otras palabras, en lo que se tarda en obtener la aprobacià ³n del formulario I-130 y, una vez que se tiene, en lo que se demora el ajuste de estatus, si la persona pedida est en Estados Unidos y puede hacerlo o en la tramitacià ³n consular, si est en otro paà ­s o no puede ajustar su estatus. Todos los dems familiares para los que se puede pedir los papeles tienen fijado un là ­mite anual mximo de aprobaciones por aà ±o, que est dividido por categorà ­as: hijos solteros de ciudadanos mayores de 21 aà ±os: 23.400 green cards anuales.familiares de residentes permanentes: 114.200 divididos en dos subcategorà ­as;hijos casados: 23.400 green cards anualeshermanos de ciudadanos un total de 65.000.   Como el nà ºmero de peticiones en cada una de esas categorà ­as es superior al de tarjetas de residencia permanentes disponibles cada aà ±o se produce un  atasco que se hace ms grande aà ±o tras aà ±o. Esto en la prctica quiere decir que una vez que se obtiene la aprobacià ³n del I-130, que es el documento con el que se empezà ³ todo el proceso, la peticià ³n espera mientras le llega su turno. Por à ºltimo, existe el problema cada aà ±o fiscal ningà ºn paà ­s se puede llevar ms de un determinado porcentaje del total de peticiones aprobadas. La consecuencia de esto es que paà ­ses con un alto nà ºmero de peticiones de papeles por familia, como es el caso de China, India, Filipinas o Mà ©xico, tienen retrasos en las tramitaciones mayores a los de nacionales de otros paà ­ses. Demora en peticià ³n de ciudadano americano para su cà ³nyuge Cabe destacar que es posible pedir los papeles tanto en el caso de matrimonio entre una mujer y un varà ³n como entre dos personas del mismo sexo. Lo importante es que sea vlido segà ºn las leyes del lugar en el que se ha celebrado.. Adems, destacar que en algunos casos si el cà ³nyuge extranjero est ilegalmente en Estados Unidos podr arreglar su situacià ³n mediante ajuste de estatus. Pero no siempre es posible. Si se ha ingresado al paà ­s cruzando ilegalmente la frontera hay un problema grave que no soluciona el simplemente casarse con un ciudadano.   Para determinar  cunto tiempo dura la peticià ³n de esposo de ciudadano, hay que tener en cuenta que se tramitan dos situaciones distintas, en primer lugar la peticià ³n per se, es decir el I-130.Como regla general se est demorando entre uno y seis meses, dependiendo del centro al que le corresponde. Una vez que se obtiene su aprobacià ³n, empieza una segunda tramitacià ³n. Si el cà ³nyuge del ciudadano est en EE.UU. y puede ajustar su estatus puede recibir un permiso de trabajo mientras espera por la green card. Por el contrario, si est fuera de EE.UU., despuà ©s de obtener la aprobacià ³n del I-130 se sigue lo que se conoce como procedimiento consular. La demora media para el ajuste de estatus y el procedimiento consular est entre tres y seis meses. Es decir, todo el procedimiento desde presentacià ³n de la peticià ³n a green card est llevando, en general, entre seis y 12 meses. Cabe destacar que hay que ser sumamente cuidadoso a la hora de casarse con un ciudadano cuando se tiene visa o condicià ³n de turista y a continuacià ³n se solicita la green card, ya que hay unas reglas que, de incumplirse, podrà ­a dar lugar a que no se pudiera arreglar los papeles, a pesar de tratarse de un matrimonio real, y no uno celebrado fraudulentamente con el à ºnico fin de conseguir los papeles. Finalmente destacar que todas las tarjetas de residente que se obtienen por matrimonio y antes de cumplir los dos aà ±os de casados son condicionales. Un divorcio podrà ­a dar lugar a que no pueda convertirse en permanente. Peticià ³n de ciudadano para hijo soltero menor de 21 aà ±os Estos hijos tambià ©n son considerados por Inmigracià ³n como familiares inmediatos y la tramitacià ³n de estas peticiones es relativamente rpida. En la actualidad se est demorando entre seis meses y un aà ±o como regla general. En estas peticiones es fundamental entender quà © pasa cuando la persona para la que se piden los papeles cumple  la edad de 21 aà ±os. Peticiones de ciudadano para su padre o sumadre Estas peticiones son tambià ©n rpidas y en la actualidad se estn demorando entre seis y 12 meses. Cabe destacar que tener un hijo ciudadano no da a los padres automticamente ningà ºn derecho migratorio. Los hijos ciudadanos solamente pueden pedir a sus padres cuando ya han cumplido los 21 aà ±os de edad y tienen recursos econà ³micos suficientes para patrocinar. Adems, si los padres estn como indocumentados en EE.UU. e ingresaron al paà ­s cruzando ilegalmente la frontera no van a poder ajustar su estatus. En estos casos, antes de iniciar la peticià ³n es importante informarse del castigo de los 3 y de los 10 aà ±os y de posibles perdones y las posibilidades reales de obtenerlos. Peticià ³n de ciudadano para su hijo casado de cualquier edad En las peticiones de green card para un familiar, a las peticiones de ciudadanos a hijos casados de cualquier edad se les conoce como F3. En esta categorà ­a, en la actualidad, la tramitacià ³n se est demorando aproximadamente 23 aà ±os para el caso de personas pedidas originarias de Mà ©xico y 12 aà ±os para resto de latinoamericanos y espaà ±oles. Las actualizaciones pueden verificarse consultando el boletà ­n de visas que actualiza cada mes el Departamento de Estado. Cada persona debe saber su fecha de prioridad. Peticiones de ciudadano para hijos solteros mayores de 21 aà ±os Esta categorà ­a se conoce como F1. En la actualidad, se est demorando unos 22 aà ±os para el caso de Mà ©xico y aproximadamente 7 aà ±os para el resto de Latinoamà ©rica y Espaà ±a. Peticiones de ciudadanos para sus hermanos Inmigracià ³n califica a los hermanos de ciudadanos como F4. Esta es una de las categorà ­as que ms demora tiene, estando en la actualidad en torno a 20 aà ±os para el caso de mexicanos y de 13 aà ±os para resto de latinoamericanos y espaà ±oles. Cabe destacar que entre los requisitos para solicitar los papeles para los hermanos est el haber cumplido ya los 21 aà ±os de edad.   Peticiones de residentes para sus cà ³nyuges Son calificados por Inmigracià ³n como F2A. Los tiempos de tramitacià ³n son, aproximadamente, de dos aà ±os tanto para el caso de mexicanos como de resto de latinoamericanos y espaà ±oles. Cabe destacar que los cà ³nyuges de residentes sà ³lo pueden ajustar su estatus si estn legalmente en Estados Unidos. Hay que tener esto muy claro por las posibles consecuencias que puede tener antes de presentar los papeles a USCIS. Peticiones de residentes para sus hijos solteros A diferencia de lo que ocurre con los ciudadanos, los residentes permanentes no pueden pedir a sus hijos casados. Y dentro de los solteros existen dos categorà ­as. La F2A, para menores de 21 aà ±os y la F2B, para mayores de dicha edad. Para los primeros los tiempos de demora son, aproximadamente, de dos aà ±os mientras que para los F2B la demora es de 11 aà ±os y medio para el caso de mexicanos y de 6 aà ±os y medio para el resto. Por à ºltimo, cabe destacar la ventaja que tienen los residentes si piden a hijos menores de 18 aà ±os. Y es que si viven con ellos en Estados Unidos y con una green card y son menores de dicha edad, y cualquiera de los padres se naturaliza, pues convierte en ciudadanos automticamente a los hijos  que reà ºnen  esas condiciones. Consejos: viajar, cambios de estatus y verificacià ³n estatus Un punto de gran importancia que aplica sà ³lo a los extranjeros que estn en Estados Unidos y pueden ajustar su estatus es que si quieren viajar fuera del paà ­s y luego regresar deben pedir un permiso que se conoce como advance parole. Si viajan sin dicho permiso podrà ­an tener problemas para el reingreso a EE.UU. y/o que su peticià ³n se paralice mientras estn fuera del paà ­s. Por otro lado, las personas para las que se piden los papeles y se encuentran en otro paà ­s muy raramente pueden obtener una visa americana para visitar Estados Unidos mientras dura la tramitacià ³n de sus papeles. En otro orden de cosas, en el caso de peticiones hechas por residentes para cà ³nyuges e hijos conviene examinar si es ventajoso pedir la ciudadanà ­a por naturalizacià ³n durante el proceso, si es posible y cà ³mo notificar el cambio al USCIS si efectivamente el residente que envià ³ la solicitud se ha convertido en ciudadano durante el trmite. Finalmente, para acabar este artà ­culo se recomienda tener a mano este listado de telà ©fonos y pginas web en los que es posible verificar el estatus del caso y otra informacià ³n relevante para los migrantes. Puntos Clave: demora en peticiones de green card por familia Hay grandes diferencias en lo que se demora sacar la green card por familia, dependiendo de si el que solicita los papeles es ciudadano o residente permanente y tambià ©n del grado de parentesco entre solicitante y persona pedida. Estos son, actualmente, los tiempos de demora aproximados.Cà ³nyuge, padre, madre o hijo soltero menor de 21 aà ±os de ciudadano: de 4 a 12 mesesHijo casado de ciudadano: 23 aà ±os caso de mexicanos, 12 para el restoHijo soltero de ciudadano mayor de 21 aà ±os: 22 aà ±os para mexicanos, 7 aà ±os para resto.Hermano de ciudadano: 20 aà ±os para mexicanos, 13 aà ±os para el restoCà ³nyuges de residentes permanentes: 2 aà ±osHijos solteros de residentes permanentes menores de 21 aà ±os: 2 aà ±osHijos solteros de residentes permanentes mayores de 21 aà ±os: 12 aà ±os en el caso de mexicanos y 6 aà ±os y medio para el resto. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal para ningà ºn caso concreto.

Good Intentions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Good Intentions - Essay Example To impose themselves as volunteers in villages in Latin America where they do not understand anything is sheer hypocrisy displayed by the Americans. In fact, charity should begin at home but that is not the case with these volunteers who want to associate with their kith and kin who belong to the middle class not the poor at all. Illich argues that North American volunteers in Latin America are there as a result of the quest to invade Mexico under the guise of benevolent gestures. In actual fact, the volunteers in Latin America are there to create â€Å"social disorder† as aptly put by the author. Once this social disorder has been created, the targeted audiences would tend to view themselves in light of the ideals that have been disseminated to them by the people who have been working as volunteers. The intention is good but unethical at the same time given that there is a hidden agenda behind the whole initiative that is destructive to other nations. The volunteers want to seduce the people they purport to help to share the same ideals of America that based on affluence and education. In other words, the volunteers want to impart a lifestyle full of American ideals to people who obviously cannot match the standards. These people are better off if they follow their usual way of life. In other words, the good intentions of the volunteers amount to dominance of other countries. The US wants other people to believe that there is â€Å"heaven on earth† through their policies across the globe. To a larger extent, I strongly agree with Illich because most of the volunteers who operate in poor areas have a hidden agenda. First and foremost, they would be concerned with imparting their values and ideals on weaker nations. This would put them in a position to dominate these nations that are poor. It can be seen that these volunteer groups have good intentions but upon a closer

Which tiotropium device to use and why Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Which tiotropium device to use and why - Essay Example Health practionaers have noted that COPD belong to large group of disease that badly injursed the lungs and airways such as chronic bronchitis, in such condition air passage that lead to the lungs gets swells and in a condition like emphysema air sacs of the lungs are badly damaged (2). Tiotropium device is green-colored small inaler and it is useful for controilling COPD, but it is not meant for curing this disease, also it does not provide any benefit instantly, but it takes few weeks to make a patient remain for 24 hours and help relief symptoms for one day (3). There are two types of Tiotropium devices, on with capsulesm which contain medicated powder termed as Tiotropium bromide, medically named as Spiriva. It is a white or yellowish powder and it has specifically for muscarinic receptors (4). Another type of Tiotropium device is a cartridge type with liquid used in therapeutic dose (1). Advantages of Tiotropium Device Asthmatic patients are benefitted from tiotropium device as it is handy and easy to carry everywhere along. Tiotropium device containing Spirivia is much effective to increase the functioning of the lungs in COPD sufferers. Another advantage of its use over other competitive devices and similar methods is that it is used only once in a day unlike other drugs those are needed to be taken at least three times in a day. The content of one capsule is 18 micrograms. Its use also decreases exacerbation that ultimately reduces hospitalization procedures for the patient (4). Disadvantages of Tiotropium Device Some of the predicted disadvantages of the tiotropium device use are that some patients can experience appearance of white patches on their mouth or throat. Sometimes, patients suffer swallowing or bitter taste problems while eating as tiotropium increases the likelihood of a sore throat. Additionally, users of tiotropium can also be subjected to problems like blurred vision

New Burger King Seven Incher Ad Report Essay Example for Free

New Burger King Seven Incher Ad Report Essay Advertising has a big effect on selling products or propagandizes. That’s why; companies and organizations start to increase their advertising expenses. A research made in 1985 indicates that in 1983, companies worldwide spent $19,837,800,000 on advertising. In 1984, $23,429,700,000 was spent and in 1991, about $52 billion was spent on advertising by companies. This shows us that companies understood that advertising is the best way of selling. All of these companies want to make their advertisements effective and memorable, but what makes an advertisement memorable? An illustration, a headline and a copy can make an advertisement incredibly memorable. The first feature, which makes advertisements effective, is an illustration. An illustration has a great effect on advertisements. They can easily make them memorable. First, the size of the illustration is very important for effectiveness of the illustration. The size of the illustration should be between 1/4 and 2/3 of the page such as 66% of top-scoring advertisements. So you can put headline and copy on the blank side of the page. For example, inad, advertisers used 2/3 of the page as an illustration. Secondly, the subject of the illustration is very important to capture customers. Most (36%) of the top scoring ads uses the technique of borrowed interest. For instance,   uses borrowed interest. In headline it says, †, that’s why, advertisers used a woman, which look like a surprised. To conclude, an illustration may make an advertisement such as, very effective with its size and subject, but there are more can make an ad memorable. The second feature that makes an ad memorable is a headline. A headline has a great effect on stopping power. It makes people stop and read the rest of the ad. So people may buy the product. First, the size of the headline is very important to make a headline memorable. It should not be very small or very big. The top scoring ads use commonly half inch or in rare cases less than half-inch headlines. For example, in ad, advertisers used a headline, which is 2. 5 inches. First row of the headline is written bigger than the second row, because advertisers wanted to make both rows in the same width. Second, the length of the headline is as important as the size. If the length of the headline is too long, people may easily forget it or don’t want to read it because it is long. 36% of the top scoring ads uses a headline between 1 and 6 words. So it can be memorable. For instance, advertisers used 5 words in the headline of   It is a basic phrase, which people use in their normal life. So, it is easy to remember. In conclusion, a headline is a basic way to make people remember the ad, but still there is one more thing to talk about. The last feature, which makes an advertisement effective and memorable, is a copy. Actually, copies haven’t a big effect on effectiveness, but after people stops because of the headline and the illustration, the copy becomes important. First property, which makes a copy effective, is its length. About 70% of top scoring ads have copy, which has words between 26 and 100. So people can read it easily and it will not bore them. For example, and has a copy made by 47 words. So it is easy to read and understand. Secondly, the message of the copy is a big effect on ad. Every copy has its own message. Some copies give people information about the technical specifications of the product. Some explains how to use it and some tells how the product will make you happy. The major (33%) part of the top scoring ads’ copies includes information about the usefulness of the product. So the advertisers can easily fool the customers. For instance,   ad’ copy is about effects of the hamburger on the potential consumers. To conclude, even though the copy is not very important at the beginning, it becomes very effective with its length and message. In other words, most of the top scoring ads such as   uses illustrations, which do not fill all of the page and includes the subject of borrowed interest; headlines, which are about half inch and less than 7 words and copies, the lengths are between 26 and 100 words and explains how do the products helps you, to improve their sales. However I am sure all these would change in the future such as entire page illustrations and copies less than 50 words.

Adolf Hitler :: essays research papers

Adolf Hitler The Rise Of Adolf Hitler On the very eve of the birth of the third reich a feverish tension gripped Berlin. The Weimar Republic seemed obvious to almost everyone, that it was about to expire. For more than a year it had been fast crumbling. General Kurt von Schleicher, who like his immediate predecessor, Franz von Papen, cared little for the Republic and less for its democracy, and who, also like him, had ruled as Chancellor by presidential decree without recourse to Parliament, had come to the end of his rope after fifty-seven days in office. On Saturday, January 28, 1933, he had been abruptly dismissed by the aging President of Germany, Field Marshal von Hindenburg. And I, the leader of the National Socialists, the largest political party in Germany at the time, was demanding for myself the chancellorship of the democratic republic (I had sworn to destroy). Just before noon on Monday, January 29, I was having coffee and cake with fellow socialists. Hermann Goering, President of the Reichstag and second to me in the Nazi party, burst in and told Hitler that I would be named Chancellor. Shortly before noon on Monday, January 30, I drove over the Chancellery for an interview with Hindenburg that was to prove fateful for myself, Germany, and the rest of the world. From a window in the Kaiserhof, Goebbels, Roehm and the other Nazi chiefs kept an anxious watch on the door of the chancellery, where the I would shortly be coming out. â€Å"We would see from his face whether he had succeeded or not,† Goebbels noted. In a few minutes later they would witness a miracle. Me, the man with the

The Role of The Front Office

A security program is most effective when all employees participate in the hotel s security efforts. Front office staff play a paticularly important role. Front desk agent, door attendants, bellpersons, and parking attendantshave the oppurtunity to observe all persons entering or departing the premises. Suspicious activities or circumstances involving a guest or visitor should be reported to the hotel s security department or a designated staff member. Several procedures front desk agents should use to protect guests and property have already been mentioned. For example, front desk agents should never give keys, room numbers, messages, or mail to anyone requesting them without first requiring appropriate identification. Similiarly, the front desk agent should not announce an arriving guest s room number. Guest s may be further proteceted if the front office prohibits staff members frrom providing guest information to callers or visitors. Generally, front desk agent should not mention guest room numbers. People calling guest s at the hotel should be directly connected to the appropriate guestroom without being informed of the room number. Conversely, someone asking for a specific room number over the telephone should never be connected until the caller identifies whom he or she is calling and the hotel employee verifies the identity of the person in the room requested. A person inquiring at the front desk about a guest may be asked to use the house phones so that they connect only to the hotel operator. The caller can then be properly screened to provideadditional security. Front office staff may also inform guest s of personal precautions they may take. For example, front desk agents may suggest that guests hide and secure any valuables left in their cars. Bellpersons accompanying the guest to a room generally provide instructions on the operation of in-room equipment. The bellpersons may also review any decals or notices in the room relating to guest security. This should always include emergency evacuation paths and procedures. The front office may provide the guests with flyers containing safety tips, such as the example shown in exhibit 6. 5.

Consumer Society Is a Divided Society

TMA 2 Consumption has great control on individual’s lives, the whole development, contemporary UK and the rest of the world. Consumer society is characterization used to explain a society that is defined by the way individuals acquire goods, how they use them and the disposal of these goods. (Hethering, 2009, p. 33). Consumption comprises of individual that acquire goods for personal use and those that acquire for manufacturing and resale. However Social Scientist comes in to try and analyse consumer behaviour when acquiring these goods. The question now is whether the consumer society is a divided society.Some view consumer society as divided society and others see it as a society that acquires goods for personal use and that reflects personality and individuality. For some consumer society is not only about purchasing good for essesntial use but also as a way of trying to get a sense of belonging in society. Social Scientist Zygmun possed a question on whether the ability to be part of a consumer society was equally available to everyone. (need referencing. )Bauman’s concept of seduced and repressesd consumers visualise inequalities and differences created by a consumer society.Bauman, claims that we live in a consumer society where divisions are entranched not by class, but by the economic ability to consume. (Hethering,2009,p. 25) Buman described the consumer society by dividing them into two group, the seduced and the repressed. The seduced being the weathy, highly paid professional. This group often run an expensive lifestyle, for example buying expensive houses, cars, designer clothes etc. The repressed as the ones that are not employed, on low paid jobs, the disabled and many others. Hethering,2009,p. 25). this concept in Bauman’s view reflects his understanding in consumer division.

Causes of Depression in the 1890s

Causes of Depression in the 1890s Synopsis This paper provides acumen into the occurrence of the global depression of the 1890s. It is founded on the words of Henry Lawson ‘there is no prison like the city for a poor man.’ The introductory section provides a general explanation of the occurrence of the depression.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Causes of Depression in the 1890s specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The background information expounds on the various situations that led to the economic instability that resulted in a crisis. The rest of the paper then explains the specific causes of the depressions and its effects on white men and women. Introduction The 1890s marked a significant shift that caused a prolonged period of economic instability all over the world. The depression had severe implications on the lives of many communities globally. According to Rockoff, employment became a palpable problem due to the closure of gold mi nes and industries in various parts of the world such as Australia, Canada, and the United States1. Floating markets and flooding of both local and export products changed the trends of industrial production since consumers offered incredibly low prices in exchange for commodities. A variety of factors led to the depression of the 1890s. Generally, the depression led to global trade and industry volatility that broke many business interrelationships among nations. Inspired by the depression, Henry Lawson wrote ‘there is no prison like the city for a poor man’. In the light of these words, this paper reveals the causes of the depression in the 1890s and the effects it had on the white women and men. Background of the Depression During the last half of the 19th century, the world underwent a series of technological advancements that played a great role to change the way people lived. Himmelberg unveils that the advancement of the whaling industry together with the inventi on of petroleum revolutionised industrial activities2. This situation led to significant developments in mining and agricultural industries between 1870s and the late 1880s. Countries developed strong interrelations with the British and the European colonies whose financial support enabled the expansion of industries3.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The enormous expansion of the mining industry attracted many people. For instance, the Chinese people immigrated to Australia to seek job opportunities in the gold mines. The discovery of gold resulted in the gold rush era that amplified the interest of other countries in Australia and the United States. Similarly, the agricultural sector also expanded. Production accelerated in textile industries, thus leading to increased exports to Britain, Europe, and other countries that formed huge markets for the growing industries. Some in dustrialising countries, especially Canada, the United States, and Australia gained significant global reputation after enjoying social, economic, and political stability. By the third quarter of1880s, developed economies had entered important business interrelations with these countries. Foreign investments in these countries became evident as alien powers ventured into the most significant economic sectors. British and European colonies continued to fund industrial activities that took place in Canada, America, and Australia. Generally, colossal developments in industrial technology and the acquired financial stability led to overproduction. As a result, export products flooded international markets. This situation reflected a decreasing demand for the products and a similar decrease in price. Apparently, debt was becoming a liability for industrialising countries. By the onset of 1890s, the foreign debt had exceeded the asset base. This situation marked the beginning of depressio n4. The British and European colonies withdrew the financial support they had been offering to support industrial production. Largely, they drained all their bank accounts and demanded repayment. The economic state of affairs worsened to the extent that the debtor nations could not repay the loans it had borrowed from the British and European capitals. What caused the depression? Causes of Depression in the 1890s Overdependence on Foreign Capital Although many developments occurred in the 1870s and the late 1880s, capital remained a problem to many countries. This situation led to borrowing across countries to satisfy the capital demands for the growing sectors of the economy. Many countries were still expanding their production capacities. For instance, Australia relied heavily on foreign capital from the British colonies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Causes of Depression in the 1890s specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The Australian government needed money to expand the gold mines and/or boost the agricultural sector. Mining and agriculture were the main economic activities in Australia. They surpassed production in similar sectors in the United States. To resolve financial shortcomings, Australia borrowed hefty sums from the British colonies to fund the then ongoing industrial developments. Garrett, Kozak, and Rhine disclose that by 1893, the Australian debt exceeded its assets5.The government could not repay the overgrown debt to the British. As a result, British colonies withdrew their financial support from Australia. This situation did not only happen in Australia but also in the United States. The United States had inadequate capital to establish transport networks and gold reserves. As a result, the country relied heavily on European colonies for capital. The Europeans also ventured into the gold investments. By 1892, they had big shares in the gold market. The Europeans established their own banking systems in the United States to ease capital and profits transfer. However, the situation worsened as the United States debt increased to the point of no return. It could not pay back the loans to the European colonies. Consequently, the European investors withdrew the financial support and started exhausting the gold resources in a bid to have their capital paid back. By 1893, the United States entered a period of depression because of overreliance on foreign capital. Both conditions led to the depletion of gold mines in Australia and the United States. According to Himmelberg, the consequences of depleting the gold mines in both countries led to serious depressions that posed panic to the perpetuation of the economies6. Closure of gold mines became inescapable as both economies fell below production capacities. Many people lost their jobs and some foreigners began to flee back to their own countries while others migrated to other countries to seek employments. In dustrialisation and Overproduction Many countries underwent industrial transformation during the 1880s. Successful economies such as Europe and Britain overfunded the growth of industries and other developments in the lesser economies7. This favour led to overgrowth of industries. Due to technological innovation together with foreign fund, companies could handle higher production capacities. The dependency on foreign capital facilitated the ability of establishing more factories and mine plants. Mining was the most significant sector during the colonial period. The gold mines in Australia and the United States expanded significantly, thus attracting more foreign investors. The existence of many mining fields led to overexploitation of gold in Australia and America.Advertising Looking for essay on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Similarly, the abrupt expansion of the agricultural industry led to the flooding of agricultural products in both the local and foreign markets. Farmers used this opportunity to borrow massive loans to purchase efficient farm machinery that could handle commercial farming duties. Apparently, farmers used these foreign grants to enrich their farms with fertilisers and crop varieties. The use of advanced farming methods in the agricultural industry resulted in increased production of cereals such as wheat and maize for both local consumption and export markets. Similarly, the sugar industry experienced similar agricultural developments, with the United States leading in sugar production. Beef farming agricultural industries overstocked cattle. Overstocking led to the adverse degradation due to overgrazing. Livestock-related products also flooded the market. With many countries experiencing overproduction, many products from the industries flooded the local and the international market . This situation led to incredibly high supply of products with less customer demand. Despite the increased production of agricultural and mine products, countries suffered significant losses since both the local and export markets were flooded with products. The demand for products fell. This occurrence led to insignificant profits. In 1893, the booming business abruptly collapsed, thus resulting in an adverse depression8. Property Speculation Rainey reveals that the nature of business relations that existed between countries up to the late 1880s was highly speculative. The European and British colonies heavily funded investments in localities such as United States and Australia with the aim of reaping more profits in return. The invention of gold mines convinced the booming economies to fund vulnerable economies with foreseeable benefits. However, the anticipation of donor countries did not materialise in the 1890s. The speculative business led to blind funding by the European and British colonies without taking into account the future economic state of the productive countries. Despite the market fluctuations that existed during 1891, financiers provided enough running capital to ensure that the mine factories operated as usual. Sustained availability of capital led to increased supply of gold in the flooded markets, thus reducing the value of gold in the mid-1891. In 1892, the booming economic structure preceded the closure of many gold companies in Australia and the United States. The aftermath of the closure of companies let to the termination of many businesses that dealt with gold merchandise. The closure of the mine companies caused the fall of the North Queensland, Standard, and National Bank9. Further speculative ideals continued as banks were required to fund the ongoing projects, such as the construction of roads and railway lines. This decision marked a financial collapse that indicated a serious depression of the economy. Fragile Banking Structu re The banking system that existent prior to the 1890s depression suffered fragility10. The banking industry grew at the same time with the increase in economic activities. However, the banking system lacked insurance policies that could cover losses in case investors claimed abrupt repayment. The shifting economic state of affairs drastically manoeuvred the way banks operated. The rapid growth of industries in 1880s created a quick pace of development for the banks. Garrett, Kozak, and Rhine reveal that smaller banks had developed alongside the establishment of the National and Standard Bank in various parts of the world11. These banks literally offered unsecured loans at reasonable interest rates that farmers acquired easily. Therefore, the banking system enabled farmers expand production means. However, this trend directly matched the production levels that existed during the 1890s. The value for money deteriorated as a pool of commodities overcrowded local and export markets. Th e gold and silver standards caused monetary inflexibility in the banking system. The value for gold or silver determined the amount of other variables within the stock market. This inflexibility had a very poor implication on business transactions of the 1890s. Speculation of prices led to big losses for the banks. Unaccountable amounts of money that banks released to perpetuate circulation created severe banking instability. Bigham reveals that the significant decline of gold reserves in the United States led to the fall of the treasury. Many investors withdrew all their money from bank accounts. This occurrence led to the fall of many volatile banking institutions. Moreover, in the 1890s, banks and other moneylenders offered very low interest rates in a bid to persuade businesspeople and foreign countries to borrow loans. Garrett, Kozak, and Rhine state that most banking institutions believed that the circulation of loans meant big profits for investors since they would broaden th eir capital base, and in return borrow more loans12. This fiction had very severe implication on the economy. The circulation of loans did not eventually imply an increment in the gross domestic product. Instead, the strategy contributed to the fall of currency value and flooding of the export market, which was a clear indicator of a depressed economy. Poor Governance Perhaps, the overall cause of the depression of the 1890s was poor governance. The rarity of democracy shaped meagre governments. Corruption and lack of concern to state affairs led to irregularities in many sectors of the economy. Mostly, influential leaders and tycoons colluded to invest in the gold and silver mines. Individualistic interest in the high-profit gold and silver merchandise aggravated the urge to source for foreign capital. Governments strove to put high amounts of money into circulation without projecting the effect it had on the demand for future credit13. According to Grant, the effect of corporate g overnance across the globe had highly contributed to the fall of the economy14. The United States, Australia, and Canada engaged in hefty capital bonds with the European and British colonies. Peltzman accentuates that the government decisions led to disproportional growth of the economic sectors that eventually resulted in unbalanced international trade15. Government ignorance also contributed to the depression of the 1890s. For instance, Grant unveils a case in the United States whereby the National Bureau of Economic Research warned of a possible economic decline by the in 189316. However, the government was not concerned with the warning. Ignorance together with the lack of cooperation amongst government officials grouped them according to opinion. The situation resulted in the execution of half-baked decisions that led to economic flux. Effects of the Depression on White Women and Men Underemployment and Unemployment The state of prolonged economic instability led to underemploy ment. Many industries were forced to scale down the wages of their workers in an attempt to resolve the financial stalemate that was getting out of control. The rapid influx of new immigrants from foreign countries increased the population, especially the white settlers who had immigrated to seize job opportunities in gold and silver mines. Initially, the availability of workers weakened the power of bargaining that led to poor salaries. However, the continued depression resulted in unemployment as companies continued to close down. Eventually, governments closed down major sectors of the economy that led to loss of employment for many people17. According to Bigham, over five hundred banks across the world were closed while fifteen thousand other businesses terminated their operations18. The rate of unemployment surpassed ten-percent during the depression period. White women who had acquired jobs in the textile industry lost their jobs after the crash of the cotton market. McMahon a rticle gives an elaborate picture of the status of white women during the depression19. On the other hand, white men worked mostly in the gold and silver mines. The gold and silver market fell drastically with the decreasing demand for export products. Evictions Prior to the 1890s depression, Spencer and Huston confirm that the white settlers characterised the gold fields and arable farms around the world20. White women and men who had settled on foreign lands in search of employment began living in the fear of violent reactions from the natives. White tenant farmers were evicted from the farms. During the start of the depression, many white settlers who worked in the mine industries and banks lost their jobs after the closure of such business activities. This situation compromised their way of living in foreign lands since they could not afford to pay rental fees. Tenants threatened to close down apartments since most of the tenants were unable to raise rental charges. The worst ex periences happened to the white women who had accompanied their husbands in search of a living in the gold-rich localities. During the depression, many women had conflicts with the apartment owners and police. After the eviction from the farms, women struggled to seek food and shelter for their children21. The situation marked the growth of slum settlements that were quite affordable. Incapacity to Support Family The depression made life more difficult for families22. Parents who had lost their jobs in the terminated businesses could not provide adequate basic needs for their families. The situation was worse on women than on men. As Kendall confirms, white women who mostly worked in the farms had no other alternative than to stay at home to take care of the children23  24. Faced with unemployment, many white families disintegrated as men left their families to search alternative means of survival. Some women engaged in prostitution and extramarital relationships with wealthier me n to take care of their children. In addition, the harsh climatic conditions predisposed children and their mothers to diseases. Because of poverty, the kids suffered childhood diseases such as kwashiorkor and marasmus. Their mothers could not afford hospital services. Conclusion Although there is adequate documented literature on the cause of the 1890s depression, there remains unanswered questions about the control measures that previous governments had set in place to regulate the economic growth. The crisis was neither the first nor the last in the world history of economic depressions. Despite the six-year economic fall, governance did not change significantly. Perhaps, similar political opinions led to the Great Depression. However, the notorious times heightened social thoughtfulness as people became interested in modern civilisation. Leaders, especially in the United States, Canada, and Australia, began exercising liberalism on major economic business activities. The conside ration of public opinion in formulating government decisions began to make sense in the economic sector. Banks adopted better ways of money lending and investment. Nevertheless, the situation never improved as every person had thought. The product markets remained unpredictable, with elements of poor leadership flourishing in an unstable economic state. Bibliography Bigham, Darrel. Epilogue: From the 1890s to the Great Depression. Ohio River Valley: University Press of Kentucky, 2005. Garrett, Thomas, Andrew Kozak, and Russell Rhine. â€Å"Institutions and Government Growth: A Comparison of the 1890s and the 1930s.† Review 92, no.2 (2010): 109-119. Grant, Roger. Self Help in the 1890s Depression. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1983. Himmelberg, Robert. The Rise of Big Business and the Beginnings of Antitrust and Railroad Regulation, 1870-1900. New York, NY: Garland, 1994. Kendall, John. Poverty and Government in America: A Historical Encyclopaedia. Reference Reviews 24, n o.5 (2010): 26-27. McMahon, Kathy. The Invisible Women of the Great Depression. Web. Merrett, David. â€Å"The Australian Bank Crashes of the 1890s.† Business History Review 87, no.3 (2013): 407-429. Peltzman, Sam. â€Å"The Growth of Government.† Journal of Law and Economics 23, no.2 (1980): 209-287. Rainey, Sue. Challenges and Triumphs The 1890s and Beyond. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2013. Rockoff, Hugh. â€Å"The Great Fortunes of the Gilded Age and the Crisis of 1893.† Research in Economic History 28, no.3 (2012): 233-262. Spencer, Roger, and John Huston. â€Å"The ‘Taylor Rule’ and Three Monetary Regimes. Studies in Economics and Finance 20, no.2 (2002): 78-101. Footnotes 1 Hugh Rockoff, â€Å"The Great Fortunes of the Gilded Age and the Crisis of 1893,† Research in Economic History, 2012, 233. 2 Robert Himmelberg, The Rise of Big Business and the Beginnings of Antitrust and Railroad Regulation, 1870-1900 (New York: Ga rland), 1994. 3 David Merrett, â€Å"The Australian Bank Crashes of the 1890s,† Business History Review 87, no.3 (2013): 407. 4Himmelberg, 13 5 Thomas Garrett, Andrew Kozak, and Russell Rhine, â€Å"Institutions and Government Growth: A Comparison of the 1890s and the 1930s,† Review 92, no.2 (2010): 110. 6 Himmelberg, 24 7 Merrett, 413 8 Rockoff, 237 9 Garrett, Kozak, and Rhine, 114 10Roger Spencer, and John Huston, â€Å"The ‘Taylor Rule’ and Three Monetary Regimes, Studies in Economics and Finance, 2002, 81 11 Garrett, Kozak, and Rhine, p. 114 12 Ibid, p. 115 13Spencer, and Huston, 79 14 Roger Grant, Self Help in the 1890s Depression (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1983), 54. 15 Sam Peltzman, â€Å"The Growth of Government,† Journal of Law and Economics 23, no. 2 (1980): 209. 16 Grant, 55 17Garrett, Kozak, and Rhine, 113 18 Darrel Bigham, Epilogue: From the 1890s to the Great Depression, (Ohio River Valley: University Press of Kentucky, 2005) , 34 19 Kathy McMahon, The Invisible Women of the Great Depression 20 Spencer, and Huston, 81 21Sue Rainey, Challenges and Triumphs The 1890s and Beyond (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2013), 219. 22Spencer and Huston, 79 23John Kendall, Poverty and Government in America: A Historical Encyclopedia, Reference Reviews, 2010, 26 24 McMahon, Para. 2

Tu Quoque (Logical Fallacy) - Definition and Examples

Tu Quoque (Logical Fallacy) s A type of ad hominem argument in which a person turns a charge back on his or her accuser: a logical fallacy. Also called the you too, the two wrongs, or the look whos talking fallacy. Pronunciation:  tu-KWO-kwayAlso known a s:  the two wrongs fallacy, the pot calling the kettle blackEtymology:  From the Latin, you too For a broader definition of tu quoque  arguments, see examples and observations below.   Examples and Observations: It is clear that a tu quoque response to an accusation can never refute the accusation. Consider the following: Wilma: You cheated on your income tax. Dont you realize thats wrong?Walter: Hey, wait a minute. You cheated on your income tax last year. Or have you forgotten about that? Walter may be correct in his counter-accusation, but that does not show that Wilmas accusation is false.(William Hughes and Jonathan Lavery, Critical Thinking, 5th ed.  Broadview, 2008) Recently, we highlighted a British journalist’s story about the underside of Dubai’s startling ascent. Some in Dubai called foul, including one writer who wants to remind Britons that their own country has a dark side. After all, what to think of a country in which one-fifth of the population lives in poverty? (Dubai’s Rebuttal, The New York Times, April 15, 2009) The tu quoque fallacy occurs when one charges another with hypocrisy or inconsistency in order to avoid taking the others position seriously. For example: Mother: You should stop smoking. Its harmful to your health.Daughter: Why should I listen to you? You started smoking when you were 16! In this example, the daughter commits the tu quoque fallacy. She dismisses her mothers argument because she believes her mother is speaking in a hypocritical manner. While the mother may indeed be inconsistent, this does not invalidate her argument.(Jacob E. Van Vleet,  Informal Logical Fallacies: A Brief Guide. University Press of America, 2011) A Broader Definition of Tu Quoque The tu quoque argument or you too argument, according to the broader account, can be described as the use of any type of argument to reply in like kind to a speakers argument. In other words, if a speaker uses a particular type of argument, say an argument from analogy, then the respondent can turn around and use that same kind of argument against the speaker, and this would be called a tu quoque argument . . .. So conceived, the tu quoque argument is quite a broad category that would include other types of argument as well as ad hominem arguments.(Douglas N. Walton,  Ad Hominem Arguments. University of Alabama Press, 1998)   The Childish Response Of all human instincts, not even the urge to say I told you so is stronger than the response called tu quoque: Look whos talking. To judge from children, it is innate (Cathy says you took her chocolate, Yes but she stole my doll), and we dont grow out of it . . .France has led calls for pressure to be put on the Burmese junta at the security council and through the EU, where foreign ministers discussed the issue yesterday. As part of the push, it has tried to enlist a recalcitrant Russia which, conscious perhaps of Chechnya, has no great wish to be seen criticizing anyone elses internal affairs. Hence a Russian ministers response that the next time there were riots in France he would refer the matter to the UN.This reply was at once childish, irrelevant, and probably very gratifying. (Geoffrey Wheatcroft, The Guardian, Oct. 16, 2007)

Cause and effect Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 5

Cause and effect - Essay Example She further asked for a necklace but her husband did not have any money. She then went to Madame Forestier and borrowed a diamond necklace. However, she loses the necklace at the event. They bought a new identical diamond necklace for which they had taken a heavy debt. It took them ten years to pay the amount and in the end, Madame Loisel came to know that the necklace she had borrowed was not real but an imitation. The aim of this paper is to analyze the cause and effect of the situation. Madame Loisel is the central character, who was a beautiful young lady. The author has described her as a beautiful lady, who had charm and charisma but fate had mistakenly placed her in the â€Å"family of artisans† (De Maupassant, 432). Her desire was to lead the life of luxury and lavishness and to be treated like a queen. She was belonged to a poor family and she got married to a man, who worked as a clerk in the Ministry of Education. However, she was not satisfied with her current lifestyle and she wanted to lead a life of luxury and comfort. One day, she and her husband were invited to the Ball and she complained that she did not have anything to wear. Her behavior was that of a child. Madame Loisel and her husband had to attend the Ball and she constantly complained about the things she had. She wanted a new beautiful dress with matching jewelry. By acting like a child, she bought herself a pretty dress. However, she did not have the money to buy jewelry (Prince, 267). She then complained and nagged her husband. She then visited her friend Madame Forestier and borrowed a beautiful diamond necklace. She wore it with the dress and attended the Ball. She thought that she was the most beautiful lady there and she was given constant attention. This was what she had always wanted. She wanted to be admired by others. However, after leaving the party, she discovered that she had lost the necklace. She could find it and