Discuss why business ethics is concerned with issues of ''right'' and Essay

Discuss why business ethics is have-to doe with with issues of near and wrong behavior in business context - Essay ExampleFurther, a company with a blighted reputation because of unethical practices tends to have difficulty when recruiting or maintaining its locomoteforce. In umteen cases, job seekers prefer to melt down for institutions that uphold business ethics while giving them the opportunity to expand themselves within the organization (Miller & Jentz 200849). The go away of this is that the effect of business ethics spills over to a companys consumers because they experience satisfying serve because of the unity that exists within a company. Potential employees also get attracted to companies with good reputation, non to mention buyers as well. Good ethics will improve the society. If no one dies or gets hurt at work, there is no exploitation, and no one is complaining, then that means the society is moving forward. Good ethics at work places creates a favorable wo rking environment that means there is teamwork and coordination that leads to more productivity and high profits. According to research, fair and sincere ethics like correction and motivation at the workplace contributes to employee growing and organizational commitment by employees as this instills values and treatment with respect (Parboteeah & Cullen, 201357). Additionally, corporate ethics also prevents criminal acts as it aids in detecting and reporting cases of theft and unethical conduct to the various(prenominal) authorities. A company that observes the required business ethics operates within a sense of pride as its work force extends its reputation beyond the workplace, which influences a stronger public image. Scholars have established that the relationship that exists amidst ethics and good financial performance tends to attract positive result that may include successfulness for the company (Sims, 2003 240). In many cases, the business ethics tends to influence corp orate social responsibility and steer leadership. In this regard, this essay will delve in to the four alternative views of ethical behavior in business enterprises and explain on its link with the definitions of corporate social responsibility using examples. As per the quick definitions, ethics defines the set moral code of principles that denote good or the opposite bad, right or the opposite wrong in an individuals conduct. Essentially, an individuals moral principles draws influence from family, culture, friends, encyclopedism institutions, religions, and personal experiences. Ethics and the moral code yield ethical behavior, which is relatively the acceptable good and right instead of the bad or wrong within the context of regulating moral code. In many cases, society and individuals tend to view anything practiced within legal parameters to be ethical, but this may not necessarily be the case (Schermerhorn 2011). A better-placed example of this would be the way in which wom en could not accede as voters in any democratic process because it was law. On the contrary, a practice may not be illegal, but this does not warrant it ethical as adhering to the law may not be entirely ethical (Lussier 2012 69). In relation to a business setting, there is no justification when an employee skips work in the guise that they are sick with their intention

Children With Oppositional Defiant Disorder Term Paper

Children With Oppositional Defiant Disorder - Term Paper ExampleIt is related to ADD and ADHD, and often, a diagnosis of ADHD leads to a diagnosis of ODD. About 30 to 50 percent of children diagnosed with ADHD in like manner may have ODD (Lindstrom, Tuckwiller, and Hallahan 2008). ODD is considered a psychiatric up perform, and ADHD is considered a development perturb (Arzubi 2008). Oppositional defiant disorder is usually diagnosed in preadolescent children, and is sometimes lumped under other conduct disorders.Robb and Reber (2007) demesne a diagnosis stems from a pattern of defiant behavior continuing for at least sextuplet months and the behaviors must interfere with the childs home life and school life. Frequency of the behavior set is the main clue. For a separate or singular diagnosis of ODD, these behaviors must not arise from a psychotic or a mood disorder.Van Acker (2007) adds that peer group variables such as bullying and isolation are also a factor, and community tr ansformation such as influx of immigrants or concentrated poverty also have a role. In addition, there may be a genetic component or a biochemical factor (although this has not been determined by structured studies, only anecdotal evidence) and there most certainly are environmental factors at work in the child with ODD.Adopted children are twice as probable as non-adopted children to be diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder (Keyes, 2008). A Minnesota study looked at 540 adolescents who were not adopted and a similar-age group of 692 adolescents who were adopted in Minnesota. The adoptee group included 514 foreign children and 178 domestic adoptions. The study found that adolescents who were adopted as infants were significantly likely to be diagnosed with ODD in their teen years twice as likely, in fact. The rates were 7 percent for adoptees and 3.5 percent diagnosis rate for non-adoptees.Another small study (155 subjects) conducted in obese

What is Happiness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

What is pleasure - Essay ExampleThese were declared to be unrelated to true contentment (Schervish and Whitaker 16). In his monumental Nicomachean Ethics, he pointed out that the majority of the mess believed true happiness to be derived from material things. Nevertheless, people express dissatisfaction with transitory pleasure and Aristotle rightly points out the futility of expecting honor, self-controls, and pleasures to provide true happiness. The latter is based on a formula that these cannot create. (Schervish and Whitaker 16). There is roughly ambiguity associated with the term happiness, which has come to denote an emotion that is the opposite of sadness. Happiness, per se, lacks permanency and find out whether a soulfulness is happy is the province of the person experiencing that emotion. Moreover, the attitude of a person towards this emotion determines whether that person is happy or not. Furthermore, the same stimulus or events may fail to produce happiness in an individual, on each and every occasion. Such is the inborn nature of this emotion (Miller). Thus, happiness is chiefly psychological. On the other hand, there are some scholars, who believe that happiness is not merely a subjective phenomenon. It is their contention that happiness is the outcome of enjoying a trouble-free life. This state of being has been held to be continuous by these scholars. As the underlying elements of much(prenominal) happiness are general in nature, there is no subjectivity involved(Miller). Consequently, any individual under the same circumstances as a happy person should likewise be happy. Aristotle was of the firm conviction that happiness was understood differently by the elite of society and the crude man. Nevertheless, within a specific class of society, there was the consensus regarding what constituted happiness. Thus, it was presumed that the proletariat would equate happiness with some obvious condition like pleasure, wealth or honor. On the other hand, the elite could be pass judgment to relate happiness to critical reflection and excellence (Miller). With regard to happiness being the result of the possession of money and health, the elite would attach minimal importance. Ancient ethics promoted the idea that the manner in which people derived satisfaction in their life was the subject matter of ethics. Thus, the good life had to perforce dwell upon issues, such as the manner of life that a person wanted to lead, performing acts that would promote the good of others, and actions that would usefulness the individual (White 3). Aristotle had been seized with engendering an environment, wherein good human functioning and prosperity could develop apace. He was of the opinion that the utmost happiness was to be aimed for, both at the individual as well as the societal level. Physical mankind and moral and intellectual qualities were the distinguishing features of a life that was prosperous and good(Ormeci). The human s oul, according to Aristotle, is very precious. As a result, it is of far greater importance to fulfill moral qualities, in comparison to other elements. He steadfastly believed that the best possible life that a man could lead was one whose virtue was adequately support by material resources (Ormeci).

Is direct military action the best way to deal whith problems of Essay

Is designate armed forces action the best way to deal whith problems of terrorism - Essay ExampleThe reality is see informs that any conceptualization or definition of terrorism reveals that it is vastly similar to peacetime war crimes.7 Today on that point is a growing perception that terrorism is growing more and more dangerous particularly with the facilitate of untested technologies. Terrorists today are said to be more disorganized than in previous long time and more inclined to use weapons of mass destruction and to bring about more catastrophic consequences. Moreover, it is generally believed that terrorists are comprised of amateurs, ad hoc and transitory groups with the result that state sponsorship is no longer necessary.8 In other words, the new structures of terrorism today make it more difficult to use traditional counterterrorism strategies to combat terrorism today. Counterterrorism Strategies received Counterterrorism Strategies Before and After September 11, 2001. The complex and dangerous nature of terrorism today was demonstrated by the terror attacks in the US on September 11, 2001. Internationally, countries have come to the realization that traditional counterterrorism mechanisms are insufficient for preventing and deterring terrorism. As a result, there has been a proliferation of counterterrorism reforms, particularly in Western jurisdictions.9 Many of these reforms however, but involved the expansion of laws that were directed at defining and prosecuting terrorism.10 Since September 11, 2001, and particularly since the terrorist bombings in Madrid in 2004 and London in 2005, counterterrorism has been among the European Unions (EU) top policy concern. For the EU this involves balancing surety against human rights. 11 The EUs legislative measures taken in the aftermath of the... From the research it tail be comprehended that the 21st century has ushered in a new dangerous strand of terrorism. The demise toll in the US on Sept ember 11, 2001 demonstrated that conventional methods of treating terrorism as a crime and dealing with it within the criminal justice system were futile. Obviously, terrorist were not deterred, but rather reenergized and move to their political causes. Internationally, governments reformed counterterrorism approaches, but largely left terrorism within the criminal justice system. while the US and its coalition waged war against state sponsors of terrorism (Afghanistan and Iraq), terrorists and insurgents have continued to relocate and complicate the efforts of the US. The Israel fetch with direct military action has also proved to be just as counterproductive as the USs indirect military action. It would therefore appear that counterterrorism cannot be satisfactorily deterred by military action. It might be wise to focus attention on programmes that redirect the youth who are persuasible to recruitment. Providing young people with viable and legitimate alternatives appears to b e the best approach to counterterrorism at far little expense to innocent civilians. Military action has proven to be just as costly to civilians and peradventure more so than terrorism. It would therefore appear that military action as an alternative counterterrorism strategy is counterproductive.

Management Problem of the U.S. Pension Crisis Essay

Man periodment Problem of the U.S. Pension Crisis - Essay ExampleThis research will begin with the parameter that the reward crisis is an ongoing concern among various nations on their stinting ability to fund the pending indemnity benefits especially those of public employees. The problem began with concerns related to the increasing issuance of retirees and the limited contributions being remitted to the escape. In the joined States, the problem is being experienced in both the private and public benefit plans. The two forms of subsidy plans being used by the American workers include the defined benefit plans and defined contribution plans. The incorporate bodies, with support from political circles, took advantage of the 2007 economic crisis to impose measures that undermined the defined benefit plans in the pretext of livery the pension crisis. Other challenges that the United States pension Scheme faces include providing for the retirement income and old age destitution and funding for the labor market participation and incentives for the old generation. Additionally, contributing to the low saving plans of the United States citizens and preserving the economic soundness of the local and state government as well as corporate pension schemes depletes the scheme. If left unreformed, the Social Security system will be faced with the shortage of financial resources as the demeanor expectancy of the current generation increases. The number of workers paying the contributions is declining compared to the ones receiving the benefits. Problem StatementUnderfunding is the prominent challenge face the United States pension program. According to Horowitz (2004), the 2002 Pension Benefit Guaranty Corp (PBGC) balance sheet dropped from 7.7 one thousand thousand to 3.6 one thousand million dollar deficit with an estimated loss of 11.3 million dollars. The figure was approximately five times compared to the former year. In January, the Bloomberg Business Week, (2012) reported that financial estimates suggest that the PBGC could face a deficit of 120 billion dollars over the next decade. The PBGC also confirms that it required approximately 23 billion dollars over the same period. This implies that just about pension plans will be lost and the taxpayers will be required to contribute in the bond paper out. Contributing in the Aletho news in July 3, 2012, Rasmus indicated that the crisis was not related to increases in pension benefits for workers. He attributed the crisis to the distraction practices and borrowing of inefficient corporate policies. Factors that resulted from the mismanagement practices further aggravated the situation. They include the collapse of the economy, jobs and pension contributions, decline in pension funding, stagnant jobs, and failure of the economic recovery.Almost all states have made cuts to the public-employee pension but the 900 billion dollar retirement funding deficit remains. The economic force s are reshaping the past rivalries in pension schemes, making the labor leaders and policy-makers become convinced that the past plans are unsustainable. This has cemented the unity amid political leaders with the labor unions. According to the wall street journal research by Corkery, 2012, adoption of the labor laws on job cuts have only trimmed 100 billion out of the 900 billion dollar deficit between the amount the workers remit and the retirement benefits owed by the states. Additionally, the changes made to the pension scheme cater for the compensation of the most expensive benefits implying that most inexpensive benefits will take decades to be considered. The schema of reducing the benefits for the current workers and retirees to cater for the pension crisis has failed due to the legal nature of the benefits. Causes of the ProblemThe prominent condition of pension crisis is the demographic shift. This is characterized by a growing number of retirees with proportional reduc tion in the number of people contributing to the fund. This problem can be minimized through increasing the retirement age

See pictures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

See pictures - Essay ExampleThe blast of the operation extended outwards ane thousand feet violently heaving the ground upwards fifteen feet. It created a very steep lamp chimney that later collapsed upwards towards the surface. It melted and vaporized rocks. Pressure generated rammed the bedrock laterally creating two roughly tally faults almost 0.9 miles apart southwest and northeast of the explosion. As the rupture took place, the earth slid downward in amidst settling 10 feet below the rest of the landscape of the desert. The collapsing chimney also left behind a minor subsidence crater. Besides the geographic distortions of the earths surface, the experiment also causes an earthquake that affect houses 87 miles away leaving the windows of White Pine High School Shuttered.The initial nuclear experiment conducted on Amchitka Island was a long shot. It was an atomic Bomb detonated 2300 feet underground in 1965. A second sensation was a hydrogen bomb exploded at a depth of 399 2 feet below the surface. Its yield was well-nigh one megaton, 67 times the Hiroshima bomb. The blast triggered a series of small earthquakes and several massive landslides. It knocked body of water from rivers, ponds and lakes that were more than 50 feet in the air. The Cannikin bomb exploded with the earthquake force registering 7.0 on the richer scale.Even though the U.S government keeps insisting on guaranteeing environmental protection and safety during nuclear operations, these tests still affect the geographic orientation of the nearby areas and cause

Cash Flow Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cash Flow Statement - Essay ExampleThe secondary objective is to disclose teaching about the operating financing and investing activities of a company during an accounting systeming period. The statement of cash precipitate gives an indication about the relationship between winability and cash generating ability and thus the quality of profit earned. In brief, cash flow serves the following purposesUnder this method cash flow from operating activities is cipher on the basis of shed light on profit as reported in the profit and loss account or balance sheet and is especially used when amount of sales is not given in the question. Few adjustments made under this method are as followsFor calculating operating profit ahead working capital changes, non cash and non operating items (such as depreciation, doubtful debts, dividend, and interest) are added back. The non operating incomes and gains are deducted from the net profit for the year.Decrease in current assets and increase in current liabilities is added back and increase in current assets and Decrease in current liabilities is deducted from the operating profit before working capital changes to take at cash generated from operations.

Hellenic and Hellenistic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

definitive and definitive - Essay ExampleHellenic world had the following characteristics small cities with self-government system, education gained with the help of private tutors, limited commercial activity, womens lineament limited to domestic affairs, widespread sla really usage, development of poetry and drama introduction, philosophical movements with emphasis on logic and ethic, introduction of experimental method into sciences, and belief into Olympian gods. classical world was similar to Hellenic world, however, several new features were common cities ruled by the wealthy class with centralization of power in the hands of monarchs, education provided at gymnasiums, extensive trade two on the sea and land, introduction of the man and wife contracts (women could possess slaves and be property owners), local cultures mixed with classic Greek, philosophical emphasis shifted to non-rationalism and mysticism, and significant advances in astronomy and medicine (Thornton, p. 16-23).Position of women in the society is one of the differences between Hellenic and classic societies. In Hellenic nicety, marriages were the form of contract between the father of the girl and the father of the boy and were seen as the symbolize to consolidate the power. Usually men married in their late thirties. They had access to women before so-called hetairas (prostitutes) were very common. Women from the higher level families, on the other side, were completely isolated from the society, they were non allowed to show themselves in frequent or when the guests arrived. Women lived in their own side of the house and usually married very early, in their mid-teens. Hellenistic culture has made a significant step in making womens position almost fitting to mens. Women were allowed to own the property and slaves, to be the agents in business affairs and could sign the marriage contract outlining the responsibilities of both parties, the divorce and property ownership. Women could be the initiator of the divorce without being looked upon by society. Polis was the distinctive characteristic of Hellenic civilization. Polis was the city-state with independent government - there have been hundreds of such cities in Greece. City-state was governed by the oligarchy or by the representatives of speed level social class. This was some form of the dictatorship. In the sixths century, however, some form of democracy has been introduced into Greek civilization Athenian democracy when citizens were granted the right to vote hold the office and own the property (Thornton, p. 85-86). Hellenistic age has changed the situation absolute centralized monarchy has been introduced and more opportunities were granted to upper class women. Women still could not vote or participate in political activities, however, they were involved indirectly and their opinion has been taken into account. Hellenistic monarchy has laid the foundation for the development of urban culture. The typical male representative of Hellenic culture was relate with polis, conformist and oriented towards the public life, while the representative of Hellenistic culture was individualistic, possessed cosmopolitan arithmetic mean and was oriented towards

Three Approaches To Management in Criminal Justice Essay

Three Approaches To Management in shepherds crook Justice - Essay ExampleIn his Principles of Scientific Management, Frederick W. Taylor stated that all work organization responsibilities should be assigned to managers but not workers scientific methods should be used in order to determine billet effect, and the person best suited to perform each task should be selected to carry out much(prenominal) a task. Further, the principle states that workers should be trained to perform each task correctly work performance should be monitored to make sure that specified procedures for a task are being followed correctly and the desired outcome achieved. Finally, work assignments should be planned, and work interruptions eliminated (Sapru, 2008). Lillian Gilbreth and Frank invented the motion study, which is an approach that reduces jobs to their basic movements. Henry Gantt developed a bonus and task wage plan where workers could be paid a bonus whenever they spotless their job within the given time.The Hawthorne Studies used scientific techniques to study the behavior of human beings at work. to a greater extent experiments saw researchers come into a conclusion that social factors explained the outcomes observed in all the Hawthorne studies. Douglas McGregors possibility X assumes that an average number of human beings dislike work and always avoid it whenever possible. As a result of this dislike of work, majority of persons must be controlled, coerced, directed, or even threatened with punishment earlier to putting effort towards achievement of organizations objectives. An average number of human beings like avoiding responsibility, favour being directed, has little ambition, and above all, want security. Managers responsibility is to organize money, equipment, materials, and people. In addition, managers mesh is to direct workers efforts, motivate them, modify their behavior, and control their actions. Without such managers intervention, individuals would be resistant to or passive virtually organizational needs. For the sake of the

Critically evaluate the behaviours and traits for effective lead Essay

Critically evaluate the behaviours and traits for effective lead - turn up ExampleThis process stub be effective through appropriate focal point of channelize to correct to all the environments of the business. Change management refers to an organized and planned approach that helps to address the various variations that occur in the business environments. This to a fault involves the appropriate response mechanisms for responding to deviates that may occur among the workplace because of the changes that the business adopts. Change management involves an outline of a process to follow in order to experience an overall transformation in the whole business together with its employees. This guideline represents different steps that an individual has to adhere to so that the governing body and its employees are coordinated towards the process of fulfilling its objectives. Create a Sense of Urgency An giving medication can unless change if it can acknowledge the change. The leade rs of the governance and its employees must recognize the need for change. The leaders of the organization particularly the managers should strive to inform employees about the need for change in the organization. This is done by ontogeny a sense of urgency in the organization and its employees about the outlined procedures to revolutionize the organization. The management should be able to convince the employees through instilling positive thinking amongst the employees. This can be done by explaining the future circumstances to employees and potential future threats that may necessitate a change. This is to prevent the political party from go into such pitfalls. The company can also examine opportunities that can be possible in the future, if the company adopts different mechanisms of approaching its business environment. The company can give forth-convincing explanations about the change it needs. This is a concentrated motivator to speech and thinking among employees in ord er to arrive at the necessary change. This will also attract support from other areas of interest such as customers and other industries that may have interests in the company. This nevertheless boosts confidence for the companys proposal since all parties are able to accept the change (Green, 2007, 167). Form a Powerful Coalition The organization should focus on leading the change to take a leak change. The company organization needs to capture a group of experienced individuals that are able to further the objectives of the organization towards change. Individuals from different levels of the companys hierarchy, who draw their power from different sources, should be pooled together because they can offer the necessary advice on how change can be realized. This coalition will offer a priceless effort towards furthering the companys urgency by build the required momentum towards change (Cameron & Green, 2009, 121). Create a Vision for Change The organization should be able to con solidate its ideas of change and bring it to the individuals level of understanding. The good deal for change should summarize the core values that the organization aims to execute and should be effectively comprehended by the coalition formed to push for it (Vukotich, 2011, 41). Communicate the Vision The organization should ensure that its vision is thoroughly communicated and embedded in the organization. This is done through frequent expression of this vision in the decisions that the company makes,

Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Economic - Essay Example proficient advent has propelled the demand for the fuel around the world irrespective of the price of the same. On the other hand, cosmos a natural resource with exhaustible limits, the fuel cannot be exploited boundlessly. The sit research attempts to valuate the trends in the demand and supply volumes of the commodity. Objectives and Research Questions Rationale behind the policy measures undertaken by different sparing agents revolves around the utility that they are likely to yield as a result. As crude inunct is regarded as one of the most important raw stuff and nonsenses and hence is a decisive factor behind profit generation, it is highly important to keep a track in the price fluctuations of the same. Purpose of this study leave be to analyse the gap between demand and supply of oil during 2000-2005 which justifies the price fluctuations of the commodity. In cases of senseless demand, prices are likely to soar high in contrast to situations of excess supply. Thus a fit research question in this case will be to assess the association between policies and approachability of oil in the merchandise. Factors determining demand and supply of oil Factors affecting demand of oil Firstly, globalization has increased the demand of various nations for crude oil which has added to the already high demand for the same. Nations undergoing a check of transition pose a high demand for oil which is regarded as an essential raw material for production. As they are almost always in a rush to improve their economic offset rates, their demand for the fuel is proportionately high. A good example is that of China which has multiplied its demand for oil post the advent of the new millennium, due to similar issues (Energy Information Administration, 2005). Secondly, speculations about political turbulence in the producer nations or chances of stringent ties with their customer nations could lead to hikes in the present demand of oil as t he latter want to store more and more reserves of the same. Similar could be the situation when at that place are possibilities of exchange rate system depreciating in the importing economy. In other words, economies rebellion high on inflation are likely to demand less of the fuel. Although they might be the consequences of political disruptions, the consuming nations often end up purchasing large stocks of the fuel hence raising its present demand (Pirog, 2005). Lastly, demand for oil is highly dependent upon the availability of other substitute fuels such as coal or natural gas. Regions, which are rich in these resources or could trade them at cheaper prices, perpetrate a lower demand for oil. Moreover, stringency in OPEC policies is also a reason behind the centre demand for the fuel. Factors affecting the supply of oil Firstly, the supply function of oil is positively related to the market price of oil in the past. A low market price is of little incentive for the producers who sit down lower sums in building refineries and discovering oil mines, to maintain high volumes of future crude oil supplies (Allen, 2005). In addition, higher the market rate of interest is, lower will be the long-run supply of oil in the market as investors will be less attracted towards borrowing and would rather prefer to sterilise their money in safe locks (Spann, 1979). Natural catastrophes could prove to be hazardous

Financial Management - Ratios comparision Essay

Financial care - Ratios comparision - Essay ExampleThis dimension indicates the financial structure of the enterprise. In other words the ratio is a barometer to reveal how the assets of the enterprise get under ones skin been financed. Total Owings (Debts) include long-term debts and current liabilities, whereas Total Assets consists of both stubborn and current assets. The ratio measures the native assets financed by outside debts. In 2006 47.54% of total assets of Bloodstone Ltd. Were financed finished total owings, both long term as well current liabilities where as in 2007 dependency on owings for assets financing has marginally gone up to 48.38%. The situation of Blooodstone Ltd.is little better than Garnet Plc., half of whose assets are financed through owingsThe ratio measures the incremental sales over previous year sales. The formula is to divide the absolute change magnitude value of sales by total sales of the previous year and express the increment as percentage o ver previous years sales. Blood colliery Ltd. has attained a 15% growth in sales in the year 2006 over the sales of 2005. On the other pay such growth is only 8% for Garnet Plc. Even assuming both the companies in the same intentness there may be a variety of reasons for such developmentd growth for Blood Stone Ltd., likea) Increased value of fixed assets in the year 2006 as compared to 2005 suggests the new fixed assets have been manage effectively in the contribution of growth in sales. There may have been increase in sale outlets and in areas where there is no or negligible competition.b) Debtors have gone implement to 1050 in 2006 as compared to 1,100 in 2005. This implies that the emphasis was on cash sales either by reduce the sales prices per unit or by providing cash discounts. There is also a possibility that reliable incentive plans might have been introduced or there was better credit control.Bloodstone Ltd.s PBIT ratio has remained more or less constant during 200 5 and 2006. In 2006 it was 4.67% as compared to 4.5% in 2005.

Negotiating a Disciplinary Procedure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Negotiating a Disciplinary Procedure - Essay ExampleAccording to the paper, alleged inadequacies of performance, which include proficiency and competence as set out in the Unfair Dismissal comprise 1977 and conduct atomic number 18 grounds for punitive action, meaning that the corrective execution may be initiated and that a sanction may follow if the case against the employee is found to have substance. It should be noted that minor instances argon normally dealt with informally for a ticking-off incident for an isolated incident of lateness for example and this is because they will not require numerous procedures in coming to a decision. There is an obligation under section 14 of the Unfair Dismissal Act 1977 that within 13 weeks of starting employment in any organization, the employees must be given the procedure and rules used for disciplining or dismissing them from the work. Such procedures may be contained within a collective agreement, which is normally later a negoti ation between the employer and employee or be established by custom and practice. Other than this, at that place is no formal management on what the procedure should contain the Act is silent, and currently there is no code of practice on the subject, although there is an area where the Labor Relations Commissions may take action. The guidance that is not provided for comes from decisions of the Employment Appeals Tribunal, which stipulates the rules of engagement. Conveying a clear punitive policy is important to define workplace expectations and the methods the employer will use in correcting behavior that is not in line with the organizational standards. This ensures that all employees are aware and adhere to the code of conduct in the organization failure to which they face sanctions or the disciplinary actions that the misconduct accrues.

Computer System Infomation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Computer System Infomation - Essay ExampleIt is eer upgrading its search engine. Apart from this it has constantly tried to add value to its Google search users like Google alerts, Google news.Till now Googles main raw corporal has been in the domain of free content, whereas the new business it is entering requires partnerships and networking for content. For doing the new business the organization leave behind require new skills in customer service, negotiations and networking. Meeting customers expectations and partners needs will become very important. As an organization it has been leveraging its technical skills to drive the company. As of now, as an organization, it has not been able to adequately reply to problems related to customer satisfaction. Many of its customers shake off suffered using their AdWords product. Some of its products have created conflict with its partners in copyrights and other Intellectual property related aspects, which have not been adequately re solved. This is an area which Google does not seem to have identified as a problem area and looked for solutions.Google has attracted a large pool of talent in the IT sector to develop innovative products for its growth. Now it needs to translate organizational needs to be met finished human resources.

Management Responsibilites with regards to Forensic Accounting Research Paper

Management Responsibilites with regards to Forensic Accounting - Research Paper ExampleMoreover, they offer litigation assistance to attorneys and agencies of regulations enforcement investigating financial crimes (Abdolmohammadi, pp 13). The management responsibilities can, therefore, be done in regard to forensic accounting. 1 key management responsibility involves the strategic planning for the credit line. For the business to succeed, the management should guarantee that they embark on the strategic planning of the affairs of the business. Strategic planning enables a business to formulate the objectives of the business (Emerald Journal). In strategic planning forensic accounting is alike included so that the capital invested in the business is correctly used. In case of a mismanagement of the capital then it is noticed at an early stage before it creates a severe problem to the management and business.The supervising and military rating of the overall carrying into action o f the business is also a chief management responsibility. The operation of a business includes many performances, which ar carried out by different departments of a business. The management does the evaluation of the activities of each branch and management with the supervisors does the monitoring of the operations of the each department. This is to ensure that the operations of the business are done in uniformity to the strategic plans. The management further ensures that evaluation is effective through using forensic accounting to hold back sure that no fund from each department is embezzled. The forensic accounting is majorly used in evaluation at the financial department because this department is responsible for all the assets of the business (Arokiasamy, Koh and Suat, pp 146).The management responsibility is also to ensure that all the employees uphold high conduct standards. The conduct of the employees determines the image that the public has about a business. It is, the refore, significant for the administration to

GCSE Girl Anachronism Essay Example for Free

GCSE Girl anachronism EssayIn this essay I will be comparing my Girl Anachronism prevail with my year 9 dialogue Dealers survival of the fittest. I will be comparing the deference between the slip I was, the style of the number, the mood, the place and whether it is Stanislavski or Brecht.Brecht belied in breaking the fourth wall and trying to arrive at the play as unrealistic as assertable by using flash backs, monologues, freeze frames, placards ect. unless on the other hand Stanislavski belied in making the play as realistic as possible by having e precise thing in chronological order and making it as naturalistic as possible making the actors think like their character would. The play Girl Anachronism was developed to the stimulation of the song girl anachronism by the Dresden Dolls. It has a very angry and up score mood throughout, it is in the style of a melodrama and it is like a Brecht play because it breaks the fourth wall, using monologues and flash backs which are theatrical devices used in Verfemdungseffect to remind the audience that it is not real. In the play we used a transformation of music to show the emotions of each scene for example at the beginning of our play we played the remark of the play, and before our flash back we played past music to show that we had gone back in time. In this play I have adopted the main role where I am idle teenager that has just been released from a mental institute and have just gone back to my 3 bedroom house with my family which all hate me, and I am also suicidal.All I privation is to be left alone and not too be told what to do.My Year 9 play Dealers Choice was a scripted piece about two friends who work in a restaurant and couple once a week for an all-night poker game. Its mood is very happy and funny. It corresponds with Stanislavskis ideas about keeping it as real as possible, building up the fourth wall, and having every thing in chronological order. When we preformed this play we us ed no music no flash backs and no monologues.The style was a friendly comedy. In this play I was one of the main characters, I was a mid thirtys waiter working in a restaurant I have worked there for years with my mate Sweeny, Sweeny and I and a hardly a(prenominal) other gather once a week to play poker in the restaurant. The play is set in a London restaurant in the kitchen area.These plays are totally different one is a Brecht like play the other is a Stanislavski. One is unrealistic the other is realistic. They are both very good but I like Girl Anachronism better, because it was more interesting to act and I had more freedom, and I liked improvising.

Understanding Of The Theoretical Concept Essay Example for Free

Understanding Of The Theoretical Concept EssayIn this essay, my objective is to demonstrate my thought of the theoretical concepts and techniques handlingd in hypnotic foundations and to discuss my reasons for believing that it is better(p) that an induction is individualisticized as well as the reasons why they may not always be the outdo strategy.Research shows that speech murder up 7% of our communication, shadiness and volume make up 38% and our body nomenclature make up 55%. In order to practice hypnosis, an individuals eyes argon closed and the intent is to relax the body completely, leaving only words, tone and volume to communicate, this makes these factors very important in the form of hypnosis therefore using these factors right is the key to a successful induction. To my understanding, a individualised induction is a hypnotic induction screed that is tailored to suit a specific inividual. There atomic number 18 2 induction styles that argon raimentd when personalising an induction, those are the bailable technique and the bossy technique.In the permissive technique, a softer tone of vowelise is issued to draw the subject into a state of relaxation. With this technique, the subject and the hypnotherapist are equal partners in the attend to of hypnosis. More imaginative suggestions are apply and greater responsibility is given to the hypnotic subject to execute the right state that is indispensabilityed to achieve results.Subjects who are most responsive to this technique are individuals who are very imaginative an germinal beca utilize more specific imagination is used in the induction. This technique was devised by Milton Erickson in the 1900s, It is particularly used in subjects who are gaining to reach goals, such as lot who expect to change state more successful in their occuption or career.The Authoritarian technique is a more accost and authority based technique. Its purpose is to establish control over the sub ject. In this, the hypnotist commands the individual to do in a specific way. Repititious commands are given in order to alter the subjects behavior.This technique was do famous by Franz Mesmer. Subjects who are most responsive to the authortarian technique are those who have great evaluate for authoritarian figures, such as teachers, employers and police officers. This technique is best used on individuals who are injury with problems that began from childhood which usu all(a)y originates as a result of a response to an authority figure.The authoritarian and permissive technique can similarly be modifyd to an individual by identifying which type of suggestions an indiviual will best respond to and is most comfortable with. These are called modalities. There are 3 main types of modalities visual(sight), auditory(seeing)and Kinaesthetic(feeling). There are many ways to identify an individuals style. Their interests, eye movements when using their imagination, tone of voice, th e words and phrases they use when speaking and rase their body type.Individuals who respond best to the visual modality induction are usually very creative and are interested in drawing, design and television. A visual person When speaking would usually use wording like looks good to me or the future looks bright. Or they may use more touch references than persons with other modalities. When using their imagination, their eyes would go up and to the right. Their voice tone is generally faster further in a high, clear tone.An auditory individual loves music and talking on the phone and influence unpleasant and undesirable sounds highly intolerable. They would frequently use phrases like that sounds good or I hear what youre saying. Their eyes would go right when imagining something. Their voice is usually an even paced tone.Individuals who would respond best to Kineasthetic suggestions would usually use such wording like i realize how you feel, i cant put my finger on it or he ated argument. Their eye movement when using their imagination would be down to the right. Their tone of voice is usually a soft, deep tone and speaks with pauses in speech.A hypnotherapist would usually identify the best modality to use by conversating with the client, being sure to listen to the client as this provides more doorways into their subconscious, as compensable attention to the things that relax them, the way they process experiences and the style of behaviour that they will likely best controvert to. The therapist would also, to be more acurate, determine the clients moality through the use of rapport during the initial consultation.This helps the therapist to become more aware of any fears, phobias and illnesses of the subject.The results would then be used in the development of a personalised induction or in some cases it would actually prove that a personalised induction is not even necessary as the indivduals case may be basic enough to decide on the option of th e use an already written or recorded script which would be a while saver.In one sense, we use personalised inductions because flock are individuals and deserve the personal touch. However, it it because we recognise that quite a little are individuals and are unique, that we recognise that an initial consultation cant tell you everything you ever need to know about someone. A personalised induction can presume too much.I do stock-still believe that after a rapport a hypnotherapist cannot go wrong with personalising a screed because not all screeds are very in effect(p) in all circumstances. Each induction tends to be more effective in different situations and with different subjects, for example The authoritarian technique would be very effective when used in a private session when dealing with an individual who is struggling with a bad habit which may have resulted from a past experience with an authoritarian figure, for eg. smoking, drinking or over eating. This is because th e authoritarian technique would be used to take an indivdual back to their past to discover where their problem originated and to help the individual in understanding that incident and therefore let go of the behavior that compensates for it. In this situation, a personalised induction is more effective.However, The authoritarian style, would not be the best option to utilise in a group session, because whereas there are some individuals with which the authoritarian approach would be very effective, not all individuals respond very well with recieving a command. This could cause some individuals to become very uncomfortable which would make it difficult, if not impossible, to get some individuals into a enchantment. As a result, the hypnotherapy session would be very out(prenominal) as a group treatment.I also believe that more direct techniques, in contrast, are powerful and often effective but often more difficult to make effective use of, often very narrow in their impact and t hey involve an unecessary element of submission, helplessness and reluctant engagement on the part of the subject.Personalised inductions may, sometimes be less effective with permissive suggestions because in this technique an individual is presented ideas in a carefully crafted general manner, he or she tends to process the incoming words on the basis of what he or she expects to hear, wants to hear, needs to hear. Thus, because of indirect techniques, the listeners own mind assures that suggestions are personally form-fitted to his or her needs and expectations so in this case, personalisation is not necessary.I also believe that it is best to personalise a screed because people are different in many ways. They have different likes and dislikes, cultural backgrounds and experiences therfore people have different perspectives, traits and outlooks. Personalising an induction takes these factors into account, thus helping to avoid making mistakes with a client. These factors are a lso what determines an individuals modalities and the more effective induction style for them, which is very important in developing a sucessful screed.For instance, some individuals may find recieving a demand when the authoritarian technique is used to be very offending and it may even be processed as agression. The subject may even feel the need to retaliate as a result. Therefore the authoritarian style of induction may not best used with this individual. Or an subject may find it very difficult to get into a trance because of difficulty with visualising the induction, as they may be more of an auditory or kinaesthetic modality.In cases of people with phobias, personalised inductions are definitley the best option for such reason that, for example,the therapist may use the imagery of floating on a cloud with a client who is afraid of heights, this would be very impress for this client. Or a suggestion of floating on water may be terrifying for a client who suffers with the fea r of drowning. In these cases, a personalised screed would be best utilised.

Georgia Atlantic Company Essay Example for Free

tabun Atlantic Company set aboutDuring the depression of the 1930s, Ben Jenkins, Sr., a wealthy, expansion-oriented toneman whose family had been in the lumber business in the southeastern United States for some(prenominal) generations, began to acquire small, depressed sawmills and wholesale lumber companies. These businesses prospered during World War II. After the war, Jenkins anticipated that the demand for lumber would surge, so he aggressively sought new flavourlands to supply his sawmills. In 1954, all of Jenkinss companies were consolidated, along with some separate independent lumber and milling companies, into a single corporation, the atomic number 31 Atlantic Company. By the end of 1992, Georgia Atlantic was a major force in the lumber industry, though not one of the giants. Still, it possessed more timber and timberlands in relation to its use of timber than any other lumber telephoner. Worldwide demand for lumber was strong in spite of a soft area economy, and its timber supply should get put Georgia Atlantic in a good position. With its assured supply of pulpwood, the company could run its mills at a steady rate and, thus, at a low per-unit production cost. However, the company does not afford sufficient manufacturing capacity to fully utilize its timber supplies so it has been forced to sell raw timber to other lumber companies to generate cash flow, losing effectiveness profits in the process.Georgia Atlantic has enjoyed fast growth in both sales and assets. This rapid growth has, however, caused some financial problems as indicated in Table 1. The condensed sleep tag ends shown in the table bump that Georgia Atlantics financial leverage has increased substantially in the last 10 years, while the devoteds liquidity position markedly deteriorated over the same period. Remember, though, that the balance sheet figures reflect historical costs, and that the market treasures of the assets could be much higher than the values shown on the balance sheet.For practice, Georgia Atlantic purchased 10,000 acres of cut timberland in southern Georgia in 1961 for $10 per acre, then planted trees which are now mature. The value ofthis acreage and its timber is estimated at $2,750 per acre, even though it is shown on the firms balance sheet at $230 per acre, the original $10 plus capitalized set costs. Note also that this particular asset and others like it have produced zero accounting income indeed, expenses associated with this acreage have produced accounting losses.When Georgia Atlantic was originally organized, most of the outstanding computer storage was owned by the fourth-year Jenkins and members of his family. Over time, however, the familys ownership position has gradually declined due to the sale of new common stress to fund expansion. In 1987, Ben Jenkins, Sr. died the presidency of the firm was passed to his son, Ben Jenkins, Jr., who was 61 at the time. By the end of 1992, the Jenkins family hel d only if about 35 percent of Georgia Atlantics common stock, and this represented essentially their consummate crystalise worth.The family has sought to finance the firms growth with internally generated funds to the greatest termination possible. Hence, Georgia Atlantic has never declared a cash dividend, nor has it had a stock dividend or a stock split. Due to the plowback of earnings, the stock currently sells for closely $2,000 per manage. The family has articulated a strong belief that investors elect low-payout stocks because of their tax advantages, and they also think that stock dividends and stock splits serve no useful purposethey provided create more pieces of paper nevertheless no incremental value for shareholders.Finally, the family feels that higher-priced stocks are more winsome to investors because the fortune brokerage commissions on small purchases of higher-priced stocks are lower than on large purchases of lower-priced shares. They cite the example of Berkshire-Hathaway, whose stock price has risen phenomenally even though it now sells for over $15,000 per share and pays no dividends. (The family does acknowledge, though, that Warren Buffett, Berkshires chairman, has done a superb job of managing the companys assets, and that the rise of its stock price reflects that factor as well as Buffetts financial policies.)As the date for Georgia Atlantics annual stockholders meeting approached, Mary Goalshen, the corporate secretary, informed Ben Jenkins, Jr., who is commonly called Junior at the company, that an unusually low number of shareholders had sent in their proxies. Goalshen felt that this might be due to insurrection discontent over the firms dividend form _or_ system of government. During the last two years, the average payout for firms in the paper and timberland products industry has been about 35 percent yet for the 58th straight year, Georgia Atlantics maturate, on a lower floor the Jenkins familys dominance, chos e not to pay a dividend in 1992.The Jenkins family was also aware that several reports in the financial press in recent months indicated that Georgia Atlantic was a possible target of a coup detat attempt. Since the family did not want to lose control of the company, they were anxious to keep the firms stockholders as content as possible. Accordingly, Junior announced that the directors would hold a special meeting immediately by and by the annual meeting to consider whether the firms dividend form _or_ system of government should be changed.Junior instructed Abe Markowitz, Georgia Atlantics financial vice president, to identify and then evaluate alternative dividend policies in preparation for the special board meeting. He asked Markowitz to consider cash dividends, stock dividends, and stock splits. Markowitz then identified six proposals that he conception deserved further consideration(1) No Cash Dividends, No Stock Dividend or Split. This was the position Markowitz was cer tain(p) that Junior and the family would support, both for the reasons given up above and also because he thought the company, as evidenced by the balance sheet, was in no position to pay cash dividends.(2) Immediate Cash Dividend, except No Stock Dividend or Split. This was simply the opposite of the no dividend insurance insurance policy. If a cash dividend policy were instituted, its size would appease be an issue.(3) Immediate Cash Dividend plus a Large Stock Split. The stock split would be designed to lower the price of the firms stock from its current price of almost $2,000 per share to somewhere in the average price range of other large forest products stocks, or from $20 to $40 per share.(4) Immediate Cash Dividend plus a Large Stock Dividend. The reasoning underlying this policy would be essentially the same as that of Alternative 3.(5) Cash Dividend, Stock Split, and Periodic Stock Dividends. This policy would require the company to declare an immediate cash dividend and, simultaneously, to announce a sizable stock split. This policy would go further than Alternatives 3 and 4 in that, after the cash dividend and stock split or large stock dividend, the company would periodically declare smaller stock dividends equal in value to the earnings retained during the period. In effect, if the firm earned $3 per share in any given period-quarter, semi-annual period, and so onand retained $1.50 per share, the company would also declare a stock dividend of a percentage amount equal to $1.50 divided by the market price of the stock. Thus, if the firms shares were selling for $30 when the cash dividend was paid, a 5 percent stock dividend would be declared.(6) Share Repurchase Plan. This plan is base on the premise that investors in the aggregate would like to see the company distribute some cash, but that some stockholders would not want to receive cash dividends because they want to decrease their taxes. Under the repurchase plan, separate stockholders could decide for themselves whether or not to sell some or all of their hares and thus to realize some cash and some capital gains, depending on their own situations.To begin his evaluation, Markowitz collected the data shown in Tables 2 and 3. As he was looking over these figures, Markowitz wondered what effect, if any, Georgia Atlantics dividend policy had on the companys stock price as compared to the prices of other stocks. Markowitz is also aware of one other issue, but it is one that neither he nor anyone else has had the nerve to bring up. Junior is now 66 years old, which is hardly ancient but he is in poor health, and in recent years he has been almost obsessed with the idea of avoiding taxes.Further, the federal estate tax rate is currently 60 percent, and additional state estate taxes would be due so well over half of Juniors net worth as of the date of his death will have to be paid out in estate taxes. Since estate taxes are based on the value of the estate on the dat e of death, to minimize his estates taxes, Junior might not want the value of the company to be maximized until after his death. Markowitz does not know Juniors view of this, but he does know that his tax advisors have thought it through and have explained it to him.Finally, Markowitz knows that several Wall Street firms have been analyzing Georgia Atlantics breakup value, or the value of the company if it were broken up and sold in pieces. He has hear breakup value estimates as high as $3,500 per share, primarily because other lumber companies, including Japanese and European companies, are eager to buy prime properties such as those owned by Georgia Atlantic. Of course, Georgia Atlantic could sell assets on its own, but Markowitz does not expect that to happen as long as Junior is in control.Now assume that you are an outside consultant and have been hired by Abe Markowitz to help him with the analysis and groom a presentation to the executive committee. First, Abe is not sure wh ether an announced dividend policy is a good idea. He believes an announced policy could cause the firm to feel forced to push back actions that otherwise would be undesirable. He has also expressed concern about signaling and clientele effects. As old man Jenkins used to say, If it aint broke, dont fix it.Thus, analyze the firms present dividend policy to determine how well the company has performed compared to other firms in the industry earlier discussing the implications of the alternative dividend policies and making a recommendation. Markowitz also wants you to discuss whether the firms historical rate of drive away on investment has been affected by its dividend policy, the estate tax issue, and the takeover issue.Junior is famous for ask tough questions and then crucifying the person being questioned if he or she has trouble responding. That is probably why Markowitz wants you to make the presentation. So be sure that you thoroughly understand the issues and your answers so that you can handle any run through questions that you might receive.

Internet Privacy Essay Example for Free

Internet Privacy Essayelectronic commerce (e-commerce) is a great opportunity for any fledging entrepreneur to expose his goods to buyers all over the macrocosm through the internet. Small and medium scale businesses, with the right mixture of products and e-commerce capabilities can thrive in a global market. Geography is now longer a hindrance. One doesnt even need a great amount of capital outlay to bring forth started. For $ 25 a month, one can get an e-commerce start up kit (Exploring E-Commerce). Every imaginable commodity is now sold on-line. It would be politic for any business minded person to ride the information age.Of course, one bea of concern when it comes to electronic transactions is trade protection. There have been many instances where credit display panel information submitted to certain business related to web poses were stolen and used for other purposes. Customers would need some measure of guarantee that they are not getting scammed. At the same tim e, businessmen, especially the newer ones, would the likes of to minimize costs of implementing a highly secure environment. Like everything else, a balance must be reached between security for the customer and cost for the business owner.The advantage of a non-secure e-commerce environment is that the business can start right away, even at the comfort of your own rest home if you prefer. Starting capital would be affordable since one only needs to register a website secern and post the products he is offering. The site functions as a showroom for global customers. The disadvantage is that the number of hits on the site doesnt necessarily translate to customers. 54% of prospective buyers cancel their transactions because of concerns which include peril (Exploring E-Commerce).Another disadvantage is that safe payment options are limited. Because non-secure e-commerce sites are vulnerable to hacker attacks, customers would prefer not to use any kind of electronic payment. This wou ld limit the customers options to bank deposits and cash-on-delivery schemes. If credit card payment is offered in an insecure web environment, the risk of theft is increased. Overly secured e-commerce sites provide the customer with a blanket of safety and convenience for both the customer and the site owner.With up to date security measures, the owner opens his business to the more than 1. 2 billion credit card owners, world wide (Exploring E-Commerce). Applying encryption methods such(prenominal) as the widely accepted secure socket layer (SSL) certificates on the business website shields important customer information, like credit card numbers, from hackers and other web predators. One disadvantage of a highly secure e-commerce setup is the cost in putting up the safeguards. Verisign, the company that offers SSL certificates, charges over $1,000 for an extended SSL good for 1 category (Verisign, 2007).Other security costs include purchasing and updating of anti-computer virus software and firewall infrastructure. A minor disorder for the customer would be repeated input of customer information including passwords to help secure a transaction. These are not one time only costs. SSL and anti-virus software need regular updates to adapt to relentless hackers and virus code programmers. Even with all of these, there is still no 100% guarantee that the e-business is safe since security is meant to manage not eliminate risks (Tung, 2007).If the entrepreneur is new to the e-commerce business and confined with a limited budget, it is wise that he start with registering the website first and live with the payment limitations. If the product is good, and the owner makes up for the limitations with above fairish service like on time delivery and packaging, then he may gradually loan components that would make his e-business more secure. If money is no object to the businessman, then adding market accepted security features go away certainly not hurt and will e ven attract repeat business.ReferencesE-commerce 101. Retrieved December 10, 2007, from Sell it on the web Web site http//sellitontheweb. com/ezine/webstore101. shtml Exploring E-Commerce. Entrepreneur. com , Retrieved December 10, 2007, from http//www. entrepreneur. com/growyourbusiness/howtoguides/article81238. html Tung, Liam (2007, November 2007). Friendly rootkits proposed for safe e-commerce. Retrieved December 10, 2007, from ZDNet. co. uk Web site http//news. zdnet. co. uk/internet/0,1000000097,39291134,00. htm? r=2 Verisign (2007). Retrieved December 10, 2007, Web site https//ssl-certificate- center. verisign. com/process/retail/product_selector? uid=f149c3d301a629c3897d6187982dbfe7

William Foxwell Albright Essay Example for Free

William Foxwell Albright EssayWilliam Foxwell Albright was born in 1891 and died eighty years later in 1971. He was born in Chile, where his parents were missionaries. Poor eye sight as a child meant he did not often join other children in play. Instead he turned to his fathers library. The family returned to the United State of America in 1903. Always a prentice,, his skills meant that he obtained his doctorate in Semitic languages at the rattling primal age of 22 in 1913.From 1929 1958 he taught at gutter Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, where he was the professor of Semitic Languages, while, for much of that time, excessively being theatre director of the American School of oriental person Research in Jerusalem, now re-named as The W. F. Albright Institute of Archaeological Research. He held the latter post from 1921 to 29 and again from 1933-6. He was also the senior editor of the Anchor volume series for the fifteen years from 1956 until he died in 19 71 as well as make contri plainlyions to measur subject definitive reference books such(prenominal) as the Cambridge University Press , The Cambridge Ancient History. correspond to his sentry in the New World Encyclopedia he was bear on with- The social and political structure, the religious concepts and practices and other tender activities and relationships that are found in the intelligence or pertain to peoples mentioned in the Bible. Following the example of Sir William Flinders Petrie, who functioned in Southern Israel from 1890 in advance, Albright was able to establish a systematic way of dating pottery found in Palestine, as when Tell Beit Mirsim , to the south west of Hebron in Jordan, was excavated in the years from 1926-36.His earliest archaeological investigations had as their focus the historicity of the Patriarchs. As late as 1961 he was able to utilize much of his knowledge on this subject , gathered over many years, in his article Abram the Hebraical, a new archeological perspective. In 1922 he had worked at the site of Gibeah ( Tell el ful, meaning hill of beans ) He would also work at other sites such as Beth-Zur, Bethel and Petra , the great trading city of the Nabateans, in Jordan.Although best known, and in the main concerned with scriptural archeology, he was also able to make his contri thoion to knowledge astir(predicate) other pricey eastern subjects. He helped to establish a correct dating for Hammurabi in Babylon, when he argued with other scholars that their interpretation of a Mari letter was incorrect , His paper entitled, New Light from Egypt on the Chronology and History of Israel and Judah, was concerned with dating the Egytian pharoah Shishak, a contemporary of Soloman who began to rule at several(prenominal) point from 945 and 940 B. C. E.He laid the mental hospital of the understanding of past West Semitic cultures, in particular the religion of the Cananites. For all these reasons he was referred to as The G reat Authenticator because, among other things, it was he who identified, the Dead ocean Scroll as being authentic, in spite of his poor eye sight. In 1948, having only hold inn a photograph up to that point, of the scroll of Isaiah, he wrote to John C. Trevor at the at American Schools of Oriental Research in Jerusalem in March 1948 - I repeat that in my vista you support made the great manuscript discoveryof modernistic timescertainly the greatest biblical manuscript find What an incredible find There were in fact some 15,000 fragments making up texts from 574 headmaster manuscripts. The particular text concerned, a complete copy of the prophecy of Isaiah, which had been shown to Trevor by a Syrian Orthodox monk active a year after the original discovery of the scrolls, was the oldest Hebrew text discovered up to that time. Some of his work was instinctive, as when he study a letter, believed by others to be from the Bronze Age, that is some 4,000 years ago.According to D ale Keiger he just sensed that something was wrong. Only deep has he been proved right. Keiger says of him - The Bible, before William Foxwell Albright, was exempt from critical appraisal It was simply Gospel. He goes on to key how, because he could not see well enough to join in ball games, he studied from an early age. He was brought up in a Christian home and never repudiated Christian interpretations of the Bible, unless he did say that it should be studied in the context of history.Albright has been described as the- Father of biblical archaeology and the dean of American archaeologists working in the southern Levant from the 1920s through the 1960s. And he was father in the sense that he passed on both his knowledge and enthusiasm. A number of his spring students became leaders in their own right in the field of scriptural study and in archeology. just the same writer arrogates that the impact he made upon archaeological methods can be described as negligible. So was Alb right as great as has been claimed? Other workersAlthough relatively well known because of his association with the awing finds at Qumran in the 1940s, Albright was in fact only one of dozens of other leaders of archeological expeditions. These began in a small way when an attempt was made in 1838 by Edward Robinson and Eli Smith to invest biblical cities, using as their basis modern day Arabic names . From the 1860s onwards Warren began searching in Jerusalem. Albright actually used for the most part methods already established by earlier workers, rather than developing new ways of working.It was the British archeologist Kathleen Kenyon who developed the idea of stratigraphy, which manifold close examination of the soil under and around objects discovered. It was her method, which was more demanding upon the excavators that was used from the 1950s at very consequential sites such as Jerusalem and Jericho. It was based not upon instinct, but upon very careful digest and interpr etation of the materials found. Albrights achievements. In Bernard Andersons work of 1957 The Living World of the Old Testament the indicant has 17 citations under the name W. F.Albright . This gives some indication of the amount and range of his scholarly writing. For instance it is his opinion about the probable date of the Exodus that became widely accepted at the time. Much of his writing is about the translation of ancient texts. He is known for instance for his views on the history of the word YHWH which he give tongue to had it origins in Gods fanciful ability, a view accepted by some scholars, as Anderson describes. His scholarly writing was wide ranging, as when he described the Canaanite religion in the ancient Syrian city of Ugarit.though it may be in this case that he was only restating what others such as Pritchard had discovered about such very early texts, although Anderson does quote a translation by Albright. He was prepared to argue with others when he felt that he was right as when he stood out about the dating of the Song of Deborah , and the battle of Megiddo. Also with regard to the Biblical prophecy of Habakkuk Anderson describe how many scholars see the Psalm in chapter 3 as having been inserted by different writer, whereas Albright held out for a substantially quaint authorship for the whole book, basing this upon the language used.Work by Albright has been substantiate by later work, as when he evacuated King Sauls fortress at Gibeah, in 1922-3 and found that the charismatic Israelite leader lived a very simple invigoration, in a two story building built upon earlier foundations. His findings were confirmed by Paul Lapp who looked at the site again in 1964. He was acknowledged as an adroit upon links between the Bible and archeological findings because of his many writings, as when he wrote Archeology and the Religion of Israel. Albright was able to study the group of artefacts known as the LMLK seals.He also performed many on- site excavations, the first being one of the most significant, when in 1923 he was able to excavate a tumulus situated near Jerusalem, Israel. Criticism of Albrights work. Some recent archeologists have seemed to be trying to make a separation between the Biblical record and archeology, whereas Albright sought to prove the Bible from archeology. Archeologist William Denver has said approximately people really think that archeology is out to prove the Bible. No archeologist thinks so. He has also said of Albright that -Central theses (regarding the historicity of the Bible) have all been overturned, partly by further advances in biblical criticism, but mostly by the continuing archaeological research of younger Americans and Israelis to whom he himself gave encouragement and momentum. disrespect such statements in Albrights case he was often able to confirm the Biblical record. It has been found by people such as Lapp that his archeology was correct. Having said that Metzer and C oogan in 1993 said that his identification of Tell Beit Mersim as Debir has been disputed.Debir was the ancient fortress of one of the kings of the Amorites who were eventually defeated by Joshua at the time of the Israelite conquest of Canaan, . Despite this the Thompson Chain Bible marks it to the south west of Hebron as Albright said. The Oxford Companion to the Bible has a comparable map, so even when his findings are disputed they are accepted by at least some scholars. Albrights were not the only person whose findings were disputed. The various different views caused much confusion in the pass of the public. In 1932 he wrote-Small wonder that historians and Biblical scholars turned away from this chaos of conflicting views in despair, convinced that the main purpose of archaeology was to unearth inscriptions and occasionally to elucidate the arts and the crafts of the ancient inhabitants. time have moved on in what doubting Thomas described as The Shifting Sands of archeolo gy. According to William Dever, as quoted by Thomas Davis, staff needed for excavations in Bible lands would no longer look the questions posed by the Bible and it associated archaeology, but those raised American anthropology. ConclusionAlbrights real claim to fame seems to have been not so much as a pure archeologist as in his skills in the Semitic group of languages. He was able, despite his faulty eyesight, to examine ancient texts and come to important conclusions. In some cases his findings clearly back up the literal Biblical record. It has now been almost 40 years since his death and so perhaps it is time for a reassessment of his scholarly contribution. There is on-going work on the Dead Sea Scrolls, but apparently no doubts about Albrights original dating of the finds at between 200 BCE and 200 C.E. Archeologist Doctor Bryant Wood , one of the Associates for Biblical Research, has described the importance of the Dead Sea Scrolls. They are important because they are rough ly 1000 years older than the previously known texts with which they can be compared. This means that they show how the Old Testament scriptures have been faithfully copied and carried forward down the years. Albright was many things all of them to high standards. He was a biblical scholar and historian, a linguist as well as being an archeologist and an expert in early ceramics.His careful scholarship meant he was able to merge the science of archaeology and his knowledge of the languages used in the Biblical countries with the ancient Biblical narratives, in several instances proving their historical accuracy. In 1964, when his active working life was drawing to its close, he described himself not as a biblical archaeologist, or even as archaeologist, but rather as an Orientalist. Since his day new methods have come in, often using modern day electronic devices that were unavailable to Albright.Despite this it is with good reason that his writings are described as authoritative. D uring his life time he received numerous awards including both honorary doctorates, and medals. All archeologists are scientists, but they all also work to some extent using their instincts when making choices Albright it seems was one of the best at doing so, despite the fact that in more recent years his has received considerable adverse criticism. He did his best according to the skills, knowledge, methods, beliefs and attitudes of his time.Dr Albright was able to bring Biblical archeology into the notice of the mainstream However it seems that, according to Thomas Davis , George Ernest Wright, a student of Albrights has done work which could bring about the end of the kind of Bible based archeology Albright promoted so well. Despite all the negativism in 2004 Thomas Davis, who makes dozens of references to Albright in his book of that year, still felt able to write that Biblical archeology still has validity as a name for the sphere of interaction of archaeology and the Bible. G. Ernest Wright in 1982, described him as- The dominant creative figure in the attempt to place the Bible in a perspective of the whole of ancient history.References.Albright, W. F. The New World Encyclopedia, available from http//www. newworldencyclopedia. org/entry/William_F. _Albright internet, accessed 12th may 2010 Albright, W. F. to John C. Trevor, March 1948, The Dead Sea Scrolls, available from http//virtualreligion. net/iho/dss. html, internet, accessed 11th May 2010 Albright, W. F., Abram the Hebrew, a new archeological interpretation, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 163 3654. 1961) Albright, W. F. , The Ancient Tell Beit Mirsim, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, Number 23, 1926 2-14, available from http//ancientneareast. tripod. com/Beit_Mirsim. html, internet, accessed 10th May 2010 Albright, W. F. Archaeology and the Religion of Israel, Baltimore, John Hopkins, 1946 Albright W. F. , Archaeology of Palestine and the Bible. Ne w York Fleming H. Revell. 1932

Fascism vs Communism Essay Example for Free

Fascism vs communism EssayAll within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state. Benito Mussolini I am writing al roughly(predicate) a host of differences between Italian Fascism and Soviet Communism. Yes, they some(prenominal) are totalitarian regimes, one down the stairs Lenin, then Stalin, who, in my opinion takes the cake for worst ever when it comes to the worlds extensive careen of dictators, and Mussolinis Fascist Regime, who ruled from 1922-1945, the last three years serving as a around puppet ruler in northern Italy for Adolph Hitler, before his unfortunate and brutal death at the work force of partisans. Both provinces were militarized, both were dictated, both were ruthless and oppressive to political and foreign enemies, and both were aligned to Nazi Ger legion(predicate) at one point. save lets be real, this is where any sort of comparison comes to a screeching halt. The March on Rome took place on Oct. 22 and last until the 29th of O ctober, 1922. In a time of uncertainty, it was a daring and bold move, and thanks to no intervention by the soldiers on King Emmanuel IIIs orders, was a successful one.That week, around 30,000 black shirts assembled and helped bring about the establishment of a new regime, the National Fascist Party. On Oct. 28th, with the Kings blessings, Il Duce assume all supplys as a functioning Prime Minister, and Fascism became a welcome way of living to most Italians. Mussolini would be recognized as his regime slowly but surely took power as a hero to many across Europe at the time and a savior in a sense to his throng.As for the Soviets, their rise to power came about as they were being thoroughly and clearly foiled by the Germans on the east front in the First World War. Peace, Land, and Bread were promised, but the mint of Russia and the occupied nations under Soviet control would soon learn otherwise. Military reverses and losses were mounting, and Vladimir Lenin, the coward that he was, do promises that him and his communist state had no intention of following through with. After the treaty was signed, the oppression had to fix immediately to shout down the majority of the populations present complaints.The war began soon between the Reds and the Whites, and the masses ugly at the time of the civil war was only a sample of the taste of what the Soviet people were going to go through in the future. Once Stalin took over, he would over shadow both Hitler and Mussolini in their respective cruelness combined. Fascism should rightly be called Corporatism, as it is the merger of corporate and government power. This is a use up quote from Benito Mussolini, and Fascism to a greater extent or less lived up to it.The glorious destiny and manifestation of the nation and its peoples were more important than the individual, something that was the extreme opposite of the supposed rights for all individuals of Communism, which purpose was to ensure rights for the ma nufactory workers over the factory owners, the poor masses over the rich elite, something that was precarious considering the Soviets were as a majority peasants, who, when coming to power under Lenin or Stalin, now had to watch themselves as any move deemed too right or wrong could get you killed in this backwards, barbaric communist state.As factory workers in a nation such as Fascist Italy, you might be working for less Lira and strikes were out of the misgiving unless you didnt value your own purport, but it was necessary for the resurrection and rebirth of the Roman Empire, which Mussolini tried in god-fearing to turn Italy from a 2nd rate European Power to a World Power, which he in my opinion succeeded. speckle the Soviets, especially under Stalin, were also into updating their countries industrialization and economy, at the cost of literally millions of human lives.Im not trying to say that Italys Fascism was a saint, as many thousands were locked away and or perished un der Mussolinis Regime, but literally tens of millions would die for this greater communist cause. While Mussolini was promoting successfully an increased birth rate, the Communist cause was killing people as fast as the bubonic plague. Let me put it this way, Communism protects the individual at the all costs, while Fascism protects the States interests, to the cost and pass on of the individual and his rights.And lastly, if Fascism had anything in common with Communism, Mussolini wouldnt have sent a expeditionary force in with the axis after Operation Barabossa opened up. What was a force of 50,000 was expanded into the 200,000 strong 8th Italian Army, fighting with bravery, valor and even leading the last documented (and successful) cavalry charge against the Soviets on the eastern front. Both nations had intervened for their opposing sides during the Spanish Civil War, the Soviets for the republicans, Fascist clearly for Il Caudillo General Franco and his Nationalists.While both were revolutionist governments with a need for oppression, I admire the Nationalistic aspects of all Fascist regimes in Europe. non saying that I agree with or condone genocide on any scale commited by Fascism like the Ustasha Regime of Croatia, The Iron Guard of Romania, or the Anti- Jewish laws enforced by Germany or Italy, But they fought with selflessness and sacrificed their lives for their nation, something Americans used to do and believe in, when this liberal change took over I dont know.But you can bet your life that if this country suffered invasion from China, Id defend with my life this coast as the Germans had Normandy. Or if we were invaded by Mexico, Id defend our deserts as the Italian Parachute Division Folgore defended their African positions, to the last man. Bottom line Communism has more differences than similarities with Fascism. Sources Brutal fellowship Mussolini, Hitler, and the fall of Italian Fascism, F. W. Deakin Wikipedia. com BrainyQuotes. com The Th ird Reich a new history, Michael Burleigh

Woolworths Case Study Draft Essay Example for Free

Woolworths Case Study Draft Essay range 1 Goodwill and Discontinued Operationsa) Carrying shelter of goodwill 24 June 2012The carrying value of goodwill in Woolworths coalesced financial statements was $3221.8 Million (M) at 24 June 2012. This figure is included in spite of appearance intangible assets on the consolidated balance sheet and exact amount is break-danced in the argument line 11 of Notes to consolidated financial statements (Woolworths 2012, p 126).b) Movements in carrying value of goodwillThe carrying value of goodwill at the beginning of the design was $3227.7M (Woolworths 2012, p 126). An additional $42.1M was bonkd throughout the year due to additional acquisition of businesses, with less . 5M for disposals and $0.7M for different expenses. Woolworths similarly recognised an impairment overtaking of $70.6M for the year. There was also an effect of movements in foreign veer rates of $24.8M, which resulted in a carrying amount of $3221.8million at the e nd of the period (Woolworths 2012, p 126).c) Impairment red on goodwilli) Impairment loss on Goodwill at 24 June 2012 was $70.6M.ii) Woolworths explanation insurance policy with respect to impairment testing of goodwill is consistent with AASB 139 Intangible Assets. Note 11 (Woolworths 2012, p 126) specifically states that intangible assets (such as goodwill) with indefinite useful lives ar tested for impairment annually and when on that point is indication that the asset whitethorn be impaired, the impairment loss is recognised when the carrying amount exceeds the recoverable amount. redeemable amount is get along defined to be the higher of fair value less cost to cope and value in use.iii) Impairment loss on goodwill was a result of Woolworths promulgation to restructure and divest the Consumer Electronics Business. The amount is alsodisclosed as discontinued operations in Note 33 (Woolworths 2012, p 96) for $366.2M. AASB 5.32 defined discontinued operations to be a part of an entity that represents a abstract line, or part, of business or geographical area or subsidiary acquired exclusively for resale that had been disposed or classified as held for sale. A separate line item from continuing operations is required as a single figure disclosed in statement of comprehensive income or Notes.iv) The fair value less costs to sell figure of $420M (Woolworths 2012, p 174) includes impairment loss, restructuring provisions relating to goodwill, inventory, plant property and equipment, and take exit costs. Since the impairment loss attributed to goodwill was $70.6M. Hence (420-70.6M) = $349.4M is attributable to fair value losses tie in to netassets. Since held for sale assets disclosed in the Balance sheet (Woolworths 2012, p 99) is $376.7M, the net assets prior recognising the loss would have approximately been (349.4+376.7M) $726.1M, assuming that transaction costs and lease exit costs are negligible.v) The beak Smith Electronics brand and stores we re sold for $20M (Janda 2012). As the held for sale assets was recognised to be $376.7M, the net loss Woolworths would recognise is (376.7-20) $356.7M in the 2012-2013 financial period.Part 2 Investments in controlled entitiesa) Woolworths control group structureb) Non-controlling interestThe carrying long horse value of the non-controlling interest (NCI) in Woolworths Limited as at 24 June 2012 was $258.1 million (Woolworths 2012, p 103).This NCI is the long horse amount of the combined equity interests in the parent companys subsidiaries non owned by the parent. When interviewed in 2013prof Chris Nobes confirmed that the figure also represented the profits made by NCIs that have non yet been allocated to them. The respective NCI for the Woolworths Limited group applies to the external equity interests held in Woolworths Limiteds subsidiaries of ALH Group Pty Ltd, Australian self-reliant Retailers Pty Ltd, Bergam Pty Limited, Hydrox Holdings Pty Ltd and Statewide Independent Wholesalers Limited (Woolworths 2012, p 164-167).Woolworths Limiteds annual report is non useful for non-controlling shareholders. The conclude for this is the info regarding NCI is aggregated as it combines all the information from separate subsidiaries with NCIs into combined figures which footnot be separated by a shareholder. It may then be argued that information regarding NCI should be more detailed however when interviewed in 2013 professor Chris Nobes suggested that non-controlling shareholders should only be interested in the reports of their subsidiary as they are more detailed.Fortunately on that point are separate financial statements available for the subsidiaries with non-controlling interests. The reason for this is that the class action, ASIC Class Order 98/1418, exempting somewhat subsidiaries from insurance coverage requirements only pertains to wholly-owned subsidiaries (Woolworths 2012, p. 168). Therefore separate financial statements are available for su bsidiaries of Woolworths Limited that have non-controlling interests.c) AASB 3.19The Australian accountancy Standards Board (AASB) (2010, para 19) gives controlling entities a choice in the midst of measuring the non-controlling interest (NCI) victimization the 100% method or the proportionate method. The proportionate method does not assign goodwill to the NCI as it relates to the subsidiarys net identifiable assets. In comparison the 100% method requires the non-controlling interest to be measured at its fair value which includes goodwill. One reason an entity may prefer to use the proportionate method is that it does not require a calculation of fair value for the NCI. The calculation of fair value for the NCI may be difficult in circumstanceswhere an active market does not exist.Using Woolworths Limiteds annual report we can gather information relating to which method they chose to use. Their significant accounting policies relating to goodwill state that goodwill represents t he difference between the cost of the acquisition and the fairvalue of the net identifiable assets acquired (Woolworths Limited 2012, p 108). Therefore this policy describes the analogous process for identifying goodwill as the process utilize in the proportionate method and it may be concluded that Woolworths is using the proportionate method.The issues regarding the choice between the twain methods are interesting. The choice seems to be more beneficial for the parent entity rather than the NCI as a company such as Woolworths Limited may choose to consistently use the proportionate method. This may misrepresent the value of the NCI to be bring low as this method does not have a goodwill component for the NCI which the 100% method a good deal has. Therefore the disclosures under the proportionate method made by Woolworths Limited regarding the NCI values could be undervalued. When interviewed in 2013 Professor Chris Nobes suggested that the choice between the two methods may a ffect comparability of financial statements.This point is reiterated by the International Accounting Standards Board (2012, para BC210). A further issue according to the International Accounting Standards Board (2012, para BC213) is that the 100% method is more expensive to use which is one key reason for the inclusion of the proportionate method. Using all these arguments one can see that there are many a(prenominal) perspectives about which method is better and whether a choice should have been included in the standard. Still we should not be too concerned as Professor Chris Nobes confirms in his 2013 interview that not many business acquisitions have NCI components or they have an insignificant NCI component and therefore the issue of choice under AASB 3.19 is small.Part 3 department notea) Reportable partsWoolworths (2012) has identified five reportable fractions related to continuing operations according to AASB 8.13. Each reporting plane section is managed separately due to the varying products and services they offer, as intumesce as the requirement of different technology and marketing strategies (Woolworths 2012, p 119) of each business unit. The reportable sections are split into two categories of Retail Operations and Hotels, with the former comprising of Australian Food Liquor, modern Zealand Supermarkets, accelerator pedal and enceinte W.As at 24 June 2012, the Australian Food Liquor segment comprised of 872 Australian supermarkets, summarizeling approximately 6.52% of extreme EBIT, and 160 Dan Murphy Liquor stores (Woolworths 2012). The Woolworths convenience liquor businesses BWS and Woolworths Liquor are also included within the segment. This segment relies heavily on consumer confidence levels as the bulk of the sales stems from general groceries found at the supermarket as an alternative to fast food outlets that offer more affordable meal options.Similarly, the New Zealand Supermarkets segment specialises in the procurement of Food and Liquor and products for resale to customers in New Zealand (Woolworths 2012, p 119). The Countdown supermarkets operate in the same way as the Woolworths supermarkets in Australia, with a total of 161 supermarkets opened across the country as at June 24 2012.In the Petrol segment, the procurement of Petroleum products for resale to customers in Australia (Woolworths 2012, p 119) is categorised through the Woolworths/Caltex attachment sites. This segment, coupled with the Big W segment, the procurement of discount general merchandise products for resale to customers in Australia (Woolworths 2012, p 119) dilate off the reportable retail operations segments as the smallest, bearing not as big warp as the supermarket segments in relation to the group. Furthermore, the hotels segment is heavily affiliated with the liquor stores and supermarkets, as they provide void and hospitality services including alcohol and food, as well as gaming and accommodation. There are 294 hotel venues in operation as at June 24 2012, with Dan Murphys and BWS storesaffiliated with over 500 hotels in total.b) Investment analysisWhen determining the better coronation between Woolworths Limited and Wesfarmers Limited amidst volatilities in the New Zealand economy and Australian groceries, liquor and petrol sectors, it is important not to make direct comparisons between the two companies encompassing different segment disclosure methods despite the compliance with AASB 8.Woolworths has identified New Zealand Supermarkets as a reportable segment, presenting comprehensive revenue data including some other operating revenue and inter-segment revenue. Contrastingly, Wesfarmers does not comply with AASB 8.23 a) and b) by only disclosing the New Zealand revenue by geographical location. Nevertheless, assuming that the sales to customers was used by some(prenominal) companies, the following revenue calculations were calculated since the previous yearComparability between the compe ting companies becomes increasingly difficult when analysing the investment in relation to the volatile groceries, liquor and petrol sectors. Whilst Woolworths identified the Australian Food Liquor and Petrol business units as different reportable segments, Wesfarmers grouped this financial information under Coles. The information regarding the storage allocation of revenues between operating units for Wesfarmers is not provided, hampering an ethical investing choice for external users.Despite the reporting issues, a revenue analysis was conducted in order to determine the most profitable company. Since the Coles segment was determined by a sum of undisclosed food, liquor, hotels, convenience and petrol data, the following analysis used Woolworths as a sum of its same divisionsThough abiding by AASB 8, Wesfarmers disclosed as little information as possible. It is finish up that Wesfarmers possesses a fear of disclosure, and would rather present aggregated data in order to compre hend potential informationabout risk, losses and debt levels for a particularCompany 2012 $A revenue (millions) 2011 $A revenue (millions) $A change (millions) % changeWoolworths 4301.8 4110.5 191.3 4.654%Wesfarmers 1283 1174 109 9.2845%Company Segment Revenue 2012 (millions) Segment Revenue 2011 (millions) Segment EBIT 2012 (millions) Segment EBIT 2011 (millions) % change in segment Revenue % change in segment EBITWoolworths 45,815.6 43,478.4 3140 2980.2 5.34% 5.36%Coles 34,117 32,073 1356 1166 6.373% 16.3%segment. However, when removing segment reporting variability between the two companies, it is clear that greater growth opportunities exists for Wesfarmers, and is therefore the recommended investment.c) AASB 8 non-disclosuresi) Despite clear disclosure of revenue for its reportable segments, Woolworths did not disclose its segment assets and segment liabilities. Therefore, it is assumed that the company did not comply with AASB 8.21 b), where information about segment assets an d liabilities was not disclosed. However, AASB 8.23 states that an entity shall report a measure of liabilities for each reportable segment if such an amount is regularly provided to the chief operating decision maker (AASB 2010, p 15).Similarly, this extends to the non-disclosure of segment assets according to AASB 25 only those assets that are included in the measures of the segments assets that are used by the chief operating decision maker shall be reported for that segment. Here it is concur that the CODM of Woolworthsdoes not believe the risk and opportunities of these items are important, thus the non-disclosure in the segment reports.ii) Whilst Woolworths was able to disaggregate the diverse aspects of their total business, Wesfarmers aggregated the majority of their core business operation within the Coles segment. It is clear that Wesfarmers does not comply with AASB 8.20 by not enabling users to evaluate the nature and financial effects of the business activities in whic h it engages (AASB 2010, p 14). However, AASB 8.22 b) states that an entity shall disclose the types of products and services from which each reportable segment derives its revenues (AASB 2010, p 15). It is clear that Wesfarmers abide by this standard by disclosing the components of the Coles segment, instead of the revenue figures generated from each segment.d) ACCC investigationi) Acts of unconscionable conduct such as high dicker strength for Woolworths and Wesfarmers resulting in demands for extra payments, penalties and threat to suppliers that products will be removed from shelves (Rolfe 2013) would be highly financially beneficial to the two groups as they are significantly lowering the costs of supplies, and thus allowing opportunity to cast up profit margins. This is further evidenced in Coles 15% increase in pre-tax earnings in 6 months (Rolfe 2013) and a 24% increase in pretax earnings for Wesfarmers despite the same level of stock. The two groups also demonstrate signif icant market power through interesting competitive methods (Kidd 2013) of purchasing eachothers profitable stores as the purchases show the significant financial strength (ACCC 2013) of the business.ii) Coles and Woolworths can minimise disclosures as to hide unconscionable conduct and misuse of market power by not disclosing costs of supplies in their segment notes. AASB 8 requires a management approach to be adopted where information used by the chief operating decision maker internally for segment evaluation is disclosed (AASB 8.5b). This allows great tractability for management to aggregate figures into the disclosed segments which Woolworths had divided into geographical and operational segments. The aggregated figures disclosed are summarised and does not disclose any information about cost of supplies (Woolworths 2012, p 119). In fact, only revenues attributable to each segment is reported. Australian Food and Liquor segment reported $37,681.4M revenue, which depicts a substa ntially large segment relative to New Zealand Supermarkets, Petrol, Big W and Hotels, which average at $5000M each.iii) Since Woolworths business in Australia is significantly larger than other segments, from the perspective of consumer groups, it would be beneficial to further divide the Australian Food and Liquor segment into State segments, for example. Currently, Australia has 872 stores, New Zealand has 161 stores and that NSW, QLD, VIC all have larger number of stores than New Zealand, it would be beneficial to further dissect the segments into regional groups.