Balancing Qualitative and Quantitative Risk Management

reconciliation soft and decimal Risk ManagementTHE NEED TO BALANCE THE soft AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENTS IN RISK MANAGEMENTRISK ASSESSMENTIn order to control the health and safety of only transmission line, there argon certain things that moldinessiness be controlled and luck is the foremost thing. While doing this it must be faild what bay window create difficulties and cause harm to the pedigree activities or the battalion naturalizeing in the organization. Risk judging involves a necessary measuring rod of choosing the correct actions for the risk identified. (Wissem, 2013)QUALITATIVE ASSESSMENTqualitative assessment is a great point to start assessing your business. It is a reusable method to gather information and provides insight to your approach. Data is tranquil with some(prenominal) sources rather than choosing only wiz source to work with, the entropy is reviewed, respondents to the tecs argon examined, their conducts be observed and progress towards interview. It presents a complex supply into an uncomplicated way. It behind help you organize every(prenominal) your info, learn more than through the information gathered. It allows you to think deeply and explore the needs of your business. It is in general used where definitive and closed answers argon unacceptable. We take apart how to increase the productivity in the business, on what basis we must award our employees in a business to bring out more productivity in our comp whatsoever. The soft approach is commonly done through several methods includingone-on-one interviews splay ended questionsfocus groupsobservationsQUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENTThe answers to How m any, How often or How such(prenominal)(prenominal) argon discovered through denary assessment. The results of quantifiable assessment emphasizes on numbers and measurements. They atomic number 18 more dependable in most flakes. whatever data collected bath be useless if the instruments be non well des igned and toply explained and clearly explained to the people who argon winding in the research. numeric digest only give you measures to the way things are done, scarcely to take apart why the things are done in such manner is where soft becomes a help. It answers those questions that are usually valid but difficult to be answered. For model, a company hires 250 employees in a immature department, to measure their performance on a scale from one to ten, to analyze how livelyly they are performing on their job, what level of productivity pee they brought into the company ever since they have become part of this company is what we analyze in valued assessment.BALANCING QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENTGenerally, decimal assessment is dead-on(prenominal), trustworthy and a quick measuring surface. However, with some amendments, it post be upgraded where it can add more value to our assessments. The more object lesson a quantitative assessment is, the more are th e chances that the analysis depart reflect the picture of a scenario more precisely. It is necessary that the data prayer tools used in the assessments is appropriate and well designed. Whereas qualitative assessments explores the reasons and possibilities to why things are happening in a certain way. Qualitative data homogeneous quantitative data is based on empiric investigation and evidence. However, qualitative research explores information and generates case studies and summaries rather than lists of numeric data. (acaps, May 2012) Assessments are shut downd when the qualitative analysis come out, without qualitative we cannot understand the reasons fag the ups and downs in performances.There are certain ship canal in which they can add value to our assessments whether it is quantitative or qualitative. The effectiveness of our objective can increase if you know how to use our tools to analyze the risk because and qualitative can offer to examine the culture, the genders, and the individual feelings that are making efforts for a greater contribution and quantitative can bring this into figures to quickly evaluate the note.If we rely in either of the two assessments, our research will tend to be incomplete. But a qualitative assessment tends to make one an active and responsible person, that standardiseds to reflect and communicates with people. (Northcote) But with the absence of quantitative assessment we cannot conclude what we have learned so far. The Family Health International (Mack, Woodsong, MacQueen, Guest, Namey) says about the ways qualitative can investigates. To do is to beIt can seek answers to our questions systematically use a predefined set of procedures to answer the questionCollection of evidenceProduce findings that we are not determined in advanceIt withal provides a great help in identification of tangible factors, factors equal genders, culture, norms, ethnicity and religions. The aim is to create a sense of equilibrium among both(prenominal) assessing ways. The differences personify mainly in their analytical objectives, the answers they represent, the instruments and tools they applied in retrieving the results and how flexible the answers can be. Although, both, quantitative and qualitative, are im affirmable to be occurring simultaneously, they both represent polar set of skills, but to achieve our aim, and make balance in the quantitative and qualitative assessments, we can find ways to apply quantitative on our qualitative research. The researchers who are assessing the qualitative work must have a clear understanding of the methods and practices of quantitative and so do the researchers of quantitative must hold proper knowledge of the other to avoid confusions and conflicts in the data. at a lower place the quantitative assessments, all the statistical tests undertaken, all the formulas and tactics used must be clearly identified as to why these tests were used and what are the result s. Since we can only get the figures in quantitative approach, for example if we are a gawk pen manufacturers, we are using 5000kg and we are manufacturing 50,000 ball pens every years, which means every ball pen manufactured requires 100gm polymer. These figures are calculated and analyzed by quantitative assessments. If we talk about the disguise of the pen, the quality of the polymer, which type of pen, and what style are we looking for, is it a change pen or an ink pen is all answered by qualitative approach. After all is understood, it is now time to combine the data we collected so far. When we combine those data we assess all the risks that are possible to occur. Combining both will identify issues and collects information on elements for which quantitative is not enough we are able to generate assumptions which are besides verified by quantitative assessment, the quantitative results are explained through qualitative approach and we can select or reject data to work on f urther by using both assessments. We cannot choose one way to work through, the best way to analyze the risk assessment is to involve both, because neither is better than the other, both are equally important. Quantitative analyzes the market size, demographics, and other variations while qualitative provides us with taste preferences, behavior patterns, and other needs.STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSESThese two assessment techniques are primary aspect for any research no research can be completed without analyzing the case using quantitative and qualitative approach. Businesses can face all kinds of risk some are capable of depriving from profits or even bankruptcy. For any risk identification, it is necessary to analyze whether the business activities are going on right way. For that, quantitative give us an inflexible, close-ended questionnaires in which the respondents are supposed to choose between the given options, they allow the researcher to work deep down a controlled environment , uses more rigid styled instruments, but the outcome is more reliable, accurate and objective, reduces the complexities. They are standardized, so we can easily compare our findings and free of any bias. Whereas its drawbacks are some loopholes in the information which makes it hard to understand the issues as to why are scoring low on the scale, it could be in any questionnaire, a survey or any other analysis. It gives narrow, check data. But this is ideal for those who are looking for precise and pertinent data. For example Quantitative assessment can collect data in figures like an area affecting 10,000 people by earthquake, magnitude of 6.7, in several districts the information of quantitative will answer the questions likeHow many people have been victims of this earthquake?In how many areas did the earthquake hit?What was the virulence of the earthquake?The Qualitative assessment seeks to explore the phenomenon, describe relationships, and experiences. They are unrestricte d and give us rich details and explanation, we can experience a depth analysis, and all can be done within particular(a) resources. lookes are involved to his or her concern only in quantitative (Rwegoshora, 2014) whereas in qualitative researchers get close and learn more about the respondents to their investigations. Researchers collect data themselves and examine documents, observe the behaviors of respondents and interview them (Center for Teaching). This is a rehabilitative approach and assists a leaner to understand a certain perspective. It focuses on the importance of learning process of individuals. It can help you arranger your facts, figures and all the data, learn more through the information them. It is used where definitive tasks are demanded, like social sciences, arts or any relevant areas and concerns of business studies. Apart from that qualitative are sometimes not verifiable, though it requires a thorough analysis and skilled workers to work out the prime data collection. But again, the data is flexible and we see more interaction between a researcher and a respondent. Without these assessments, the research may go all in vain, and will not be any useful to the researcher or the respondent because they will not be usefully examined. The aim of the research assessment is to bring out clear and manifested outcome with few score on risk levels. It brings authenticity into our research and places emphasis on process rather than product. It will help define the relationships and individual experiences with variations. In quantitative assessments, researchers are free to respond and does not influence them or determine how they will react to the next questions. The differences exist in both ways of assessment, one of the major one is their flexibility, quantitative are usually more inflexible and qualitative are more. The difference is also the undecided ended, in which the participants are free to participate with their opinions and sugges tions and close ended (or fixed). Nevertheless, it requires a thorough understanding of the questions asked to inspect all the possible responses. The major contend is to find the right balance for all phases of assessments to identify all sorts of trends and risks that are likely to occur. It will be a great bridge overive step through philosophical assumptions, strategies and risk that can be controlled in the succeeding(a) planning of the business and ultimately present a complex situation into a simpler pictureCONCLUSIONThis essay provides an insight towards the qualitative and quantitative assessment in a risk assessment and the need to balance both. For every research conducted, we have to analyze the risk we can go through. All data collection must have a clear understanding of differences it may be in qualitative or quantitative. Therefore, to analyze those risks we must have a clear understanding and a support of quantitative with qualitative assessments to explain every figure we have computed.acaps. (May 2012). Qualitative and Quantitative Research Techniques for Humanitarian Needs Assessment. acaps.Center for Teaching, R. . (n.d.). Qualitative Research Introduction. Washington, DC Research Support Group at the Social erudition Research Lab .Mack, N., Woodsong, C., MacQueen, K. M., Guest, G., Namey, E. (n.d.). Qualitative Research Methods A DATA COLLECTORS matter GUIDE. Retrieved from fhi360 https//www.fhi360.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/Qualitative%20Research%20Methods%20-%20A%20Data%20Collectors%20Field%20Guide.pdfNorthcote, A. K. (n.d.). The Struggle for Balance in the use of Quantitative and Qualitative Online Assessment Tasks. Australia.Rwegoshora, H. M. (2014). A Guide to Social Science Research. Dar es Salaam Mkuki Na Nyota Publishers.Wissem, E. (2013). RISKS MANAGEMENT NEW LITERATURE REVIEW. POLISH daybook OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES, 291.

The Formation Of The Pakistan Army History Essay

The Formation Of The Pakistan troops History EssayPakistan came into being on 14 Aug 1947 as one country comprised mainly of contagious Islamic aras. Today still later more than sixty years belt d sustain the line the country is struggling to be come out a nation. Pakistans soldiery has had the an nonation of holding of reigns of the country for more than thirty-eight years. Martial lawfulness regimes legal opinion come up in Pakistan in spite of democratically take g all overnments, the phalanx keep to exercise control even when civilians were titular rulers of Pakistan.thither are many possible questions as to why the Pakistan legions is so different accordingly the Indian soldiers although both the armies share a similarity in cultural heritage and an inherited legacy of semi semipolitical neutrality from the British. . How and under what circumstances did Pakistan regular army gained such colossal balance of importance in the social fabric of Pakistan so as to be the study factor in deciding the policies, relations and thus the sine qua non of Pakistan in the new world recount.Army in Pakistan gained importance which continued to grow steady, maybe after the first instance of employment of Army for internal security caper on 06 mar 1953,the place was Lahore. The shoes was brought under control within two days.The spends were withdrawn on 14 May and two days later Dawn newspaper commented that Memories of the Army rule in Lahore will linger for a long meter to come and a new look that Lahore has acquired and the sense of discipline among its spile inculcated by the Army will bear eloquent testimony to the dependable(a) work done by Maj GenAzam Khan and his men. This probably was the building barricado through which Pakistan Army got itself entrenched to seats of power in future. umteen scholars score also raised the question of the age old difficulty of humankind that is economics driving the armament behind the Pakistan A rmy being reluctant to give away its stake in power.The initial subject fieldism changed to self sustenance and then to safeguard the vital economic interests of the army. everywhere the years we crap seen that Pakistan has been able to force the world opinion and financial aid to wards itself as per Dr Philip Colhn pakistan is a nation which puts barrel a pistol on its head and demands aid, aid otherwise it would shoot itself. This argument merits considerstion as due to its alone(p) geopolitical position it has become a major player and a strategic luckner for the sole superpower USA in the con hunt against terror. The crux of the conundrum are the bribes the Pakistani phalanx establishment openly seeks from the international community for any move on its part whether it is to help rein in Taliban or severe its institutional support to India enjoin terror groups.Another point which drives the behavior of Pakistan is that it has to live with the fact that it lacks strat egic footing and so it has raised its stakes in Afghanistan which it considers its strategic depth and the militant outfits operating with the b littleings of Pakistan Army,more in particular of ISI are also considered as strategic partners which would come to play when the need arises.METHODOLOGY assurement of the caperThe Pak Army traditionally preoccupied itself with political, social, economic security concerns of the nation. It started with Field summons Mohammad Ayub Khan ( 17 Jan 1951 Apr 1969) since then there has been many instances when power was bestowed on civil regimes but due to their corruption and mis boldness mess of Pakistan glum back to their Army lead for solace. The intent of the Pakistan army in government activity, is add to dissonance with India.HypothesisThe army has been supreme power centre and has vie its role in all the major term lines in the storey of the nation irrespective of the global and geo strategic positions prevailing at that t ime. The unknown policies and political issues are dictated to a certain extent by the GHQ. This role of Pakistan army in politics, especially in the present sub-continental context, is the major cause of dissonance with India.Justification of the StudyThe Pakistan Army has been able to crop the political, social and religiousaspirations of the people of Pakistan. In doing so it has been able to prune itsinvolvement in to the highest degree all spheres of the governance .As a puissant organization ,ithas been able to present a picture to the people that in the present scenario it isthe yet organization in Pakistan which can safeguard the nations legality andsecurity from the biggest enemy, India. This study proposes to see the correlationbetween the Army and the governance and power structure of Pakistan come on if itsthis mindset is the root cause of dissonance with India.ScopeThe study will deal with the historical backdrop and the symbiotic relationship which has emerge d between civil and war machine relations in Pakistan. The role played by army in politics and its subsequent topic on relations with India. The study will cover the host regimes in brief along with the three wars and the proxy war in Kashmir resulting in fomenting trouble against India .Method of Data CollectionThe means and sources of gathering selective information , which would assisted in completing this paper are appended below- client speakers .Articles of significance in Indian and Pakistani newspapers.Periodicals and Journals.Books written by heterogeneous writers in the subject.A bibliography of the above means and sources is appended at the end of the text. physical composition of the DissertationIn the course of the dissertation, the subject is proposed to be analysed in the next parts (a) Chapter II. Historical Perspective of Pak Army Ideology.(b) Chapter III. Pak Failed Democracy or State(c) Chapter IV. Wars with India, their impact on policy formulation..(d) Cha pter V. Civil Military Relations and their dynamics.(e) Chapter VI. enamour Of Pak Army On Relations With India.(f) Conclusion.(g) BibliographyCHAPTER IIHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF PAKISTAN soldiery IDEOLOGYAs we look into the events that unfolded after 14 Aug 1947we would come to the inference that very few nations come into existence as India and Pakistan came into being. The splitter of British india into two independent nations of India and Pakistan has a long and sorrow saga of violence, mis imprecate, betrayal and a sense of unfullfillment Of the objectives for which this component was sought by their political leaders.The initial problems demand continued till date and there is little hope for a peaceful, permanent solution.The problems which confirm become a more or less a permanent feature in relations between the two countries are(a) The territorial claims of J K(b) Disproportionate arms skill as seen by each other.(c) Nuclear Status.(d) Partition of undivided Indi a.The class of British India also included division of the Army between India and Pakistan.The war department was split on 19 July 1947 and many units began moving components to the destinations on either side of the border. The trade union movement was not an golden one as the numbers were large the British Indian Army was 400,000 strong.It was decided that Indian Army would get 2,60,000 with balance allotted to Pakistan. Out of the twenty cabaret infantry regiments Pakistan received eight a similar ratio of division took place in other fighting arms.The transformation was not easy and in most of the cases it ended in sorrow while in some cases it ended in slaughter although it was not of a soldier killing a fellow soldier. Creation of a new stste did not have an auspicious beginning. It is not surprising that the misgiving engendered by mass slaughter has continued to linger on even today.Another reason for the distrust theorise in the top dog of the Pakistan was the fact that in the snapper of chaos and terror the newborn armies had a tough and challenging task of creating a balanced fighting forces.India got a large proportion of al-Qaeda installation as most of the stores, depots were located within India.It had been worked out that 170,000 piles of equipment and stores were to be dispatched to Pakistan in 300 train loads actually Pakistan only received three railway wagon loads from India containing obsolete or useless items such as prophylactics left over from early intervention centers set up during the Second World War in Burma as recalled by General Gul Hassan . This denial of equipment to Pakistan contributed to the rapid souring of relations.The territories were to be distributed by two commissions chaired by Sir Cyril Radcliffe, an eminent jurist who lacked knowledge about the subcontinent. Mountbatten the then Viceroy of British India is supposedly to have used all his appealingness to persuade the rulers of approximate 500 independe nt Princely States to accede to India kind of than to Pakistan. He succeeded but with three exceptions of Hyderabad, Junagarh and Kashmir.The Nawab of Junagarh immediately after divider declared enter to Pakistan it was within Indian territory so it accession was not practicable ,as it had only 20 percent muslim population its accession was not logical either. Hyderabad was also a similar problem as 86 per cent of its population was hindu but Kashmir was a muslim dominate posit with a hindu ruler who wanted to be independent.Thus amidst this chaos India did force action in Junagarh after its Nawab fled to Pakistan .The Nizam of Hyderabad Osman Ali had not decided to opt for either of the countries the and there was a standstill which lasted till 13 september 1947 when Indian troops took over the state. Thus,in two of the desputed territories there had been solutions one in Junagarh involved plebiscite favouring India and other at Hyderabad involving military action .The probl em of Kashmir was similar but was not work and has led to was and tension between two countries since then.The actions by India in Junagarh, Hyderabad and the Kashmir difference of opinion had a very negative effect in the general psyche of Pakistan towards India who now came to be seen as a nation which could use force to re-unite the subcontinent. This fear was the initial trigger in formulation of policies within Pakistan and was subservient in deciding its international policies and relations .We can argue that these notions were not correct and an extension of imagination by Pakistan but it should be remembered that when it was tiny for Pakistan to stabilize its internal situation India ,although was also doing the same inside its territories ,was insensible and committed actions without taking Pakistan into confidence thus augmented Pakistans fears against India.In view of the above arguments it is clear that the problems and the inadvertent actions by India to solve then coupled with the scars of a bloody divide made Pakistan security conscious and its leaders were of the opinion that with a large neighbour who doe not pause to use force Pakistans territorial integrity was at a risk. This formulated the foundation of Pakistan policies to be formulated and followed.The policy of leaders, whether civil or military, was to sanction defense of Pakistan at all conditions and terms. The chaos and internal problems made the political elected representatives dependent on the bureaucracy to run the administration and on the army to safeguard territorial integrity of the nation and maintain law and order . The army should only be called for maintenance of law and order duties only in exceptional cases but in Pakistan it became a fixedness feature and paved the way for future role which the Army had to play.Although Indian and Pakistani armies had a common origin in the old British Indian Army their employment and conduct differed drastically some differe nces are -(a) Pakistan Army has been ruling the nation for more than 32 years since it come through independence and so it has acquired great influence and powers within the politics and society.(b) The Pakistan army was created from scratch and it led to a mixed legacy of pride and acerbity at having to create a virtually new army in the face of active Indian hostility.(c) The basis of creaton of Pakistan was to created as an Islamic state, so its army had to adapt to Islamic principles and practices and used it to build upon its strength.(d) After partition the certificate of indebtedness of the defence of the North WestFrontier Provinces was that of Pakistan , changing its unblemished strategic outlook.The unique feature of composition of Pakistan Army is that it is dominated by Punjabi Muslims. The Pakistan army had something ilk 60 percent Punjabi Muslims and the next bigger testicle from the North West Frontier Province. Thus, the army came to be dominated by the Punjabi -Pathan, psyche and culture of defiance, unwillingness to accept defeat, and not accepting responsibility for it by transferring it to someone else, further an urge to dominate, certain recklessness and a deep desire for revenge.As has already been mentioned that Punjabi Muslim policemans formed the majority of the Offr cadre and thus acquired a influential position in the impertinently formed state of Pakistan they stressed that the intrinsic worth of Pakistan was the Islamic character of Pakistan this was in turn to be reflected in the Islamic character of the military. They propagated , the memorial of Pakistan had its origin to Muslim dominance in South Asia and Pakistanis were natural conquerors of the office as their purer religion was an asset and their aggressive character. These beliefs led to the belief of the command of Pakistani martial classes over Hindoo India.Since its inception the military rulers have had a great say in formulating policies ,laws which shaped Pakistans destiny. The Army is dominated by Punjabis which come from affluent land lord ,industrial class ,these classes traditionally have been the ruling elite thus the Army officers belonging to these regards military ascendancy of politics not only as a right but as a duty as well. The degree to which military represent interests of others is a debatable issue further , the army has steadily extended its field to include protection of the national ideology, as per its own interpretation . Under Zia ideology of Pakistan being a Muslim state changed, in due course of time, to an Islamic polity and now it has further changed to Pakistan being a nation of enlightened moderation. General Zias Islamisation campaign change both Pakistani society and the Army Zia tried to build a more puritanical and devout Army and allowed some religious groups like Tabligh e Jamat .to become active in the Army.He was also the first Army Chief to attend the annual conventions of this group.Zia relig ion to be integrated in the syllabus of the staff college and encouraged the study of Islams teachings regarding the conduct of war.The unquestionable military professionalism of the Pakistan army is resultant of the fighting traditions and natural instincts of people of North-West India. The problem of Pakistan Army is that it has a constricted base of its recruitment, and a far bigger role is played by tribal and clan factor which tend to deal with proficient matters in a similar manner which on a hindsight is constricted ethnic viewpoint. This clan background increases the stress to bring up that one is more courageous and aggressive than the other, with little consideration to the cost of such action an institute like would have to pay and an precedent of such foolhardiness in Pakistan Army can be that of the Kargil contingency undertaken by it on such considerations.The Pakistan army guards their integrity , protects their position in the society, and wants to protect a foun dation or an idea since the day Pakistan was created. make headway it has been dynamic in establishment of internal law and order. Furthermore, it has forever regarded itself as the special expression of the idea of Pakistan, and a few officers have advocated an activist role in reforming the society where it has fallen below the standard of virtue set by the military.The professionalism of the Pakistan army has been strongly influenced by the philosophy of Pakistan. During eighties the army began to assume the role of the only defender of the countrys ideological frontiers. This resulted in change in the social culture of the army, and its officer corps. The Pak army officer corps influences the defense policy as well as politics of Pakistan.The military has maintained its supremacy in politics has been successfully intercommunicate itself as saviours of the state, it has laid claim of the sole agency capable of promoting and safeguarding national integration and prevailing onl y when it becomes necessary to prevent collapse. Post independence, the Pakistan army identified and stressed that Islam was a unifying force. There are steady attempts by military think tanks to decrease the degree of influence of British Indian army patterns and the need to alter as per Islamic principles. A Lieutenant General involved with training in the army states , Islam is a religion in which certain amount of regimentation is germane. You have a system, a core, so basically therefore, for a Muslim, as I see it he gets a certain orientation, a certain organisation and a certain discipline.General Zia tried to change the ethos of the army, making Islamic custom and teachings part of the armys day-to-day activities. He changed the motto of the army from Jinnahs Unity, Faith and Discipline to Iman, Taqwa, international jihad fi Sabeelillah (Faith, Obedience of God and Struggle in the Path of Allah) and even allowed members of the fundamentalist Tableeghi Jamaat to preach at th e PMA.Many Muslim officers had to choose between India and Pakistan during partition and a fairly large number chose this option. Most probably they apprehension that they would have more opportunities in an Islamic state vis a vis a secular democracy having a Hindu majority. The occurrence of partition found the worst doubt of these officers. It taught Pakistani officers one basic rule trust no one in a situation of a Hindu or Sikh vs. Muslim and take nothing for granted, except when you have the force to defend yourself. This suspicion (but not fear) of communal enemies was imprinted on the psyches of almost all officers in the new Pakistan army.Later the distribution of military stores and non recognize of the promised stores from India, Indian actions in Kashmir,Junagarh and Hyderabad, made Pakistan officers formulate a sense of distrust and perception- real or imagined that India was dishonest in its dealings especially when it come to Pakistan are part of the inheritance o f the present-day Pakistan army. Pakistani officers of subsequent generations believe in this mistrust of India as a primary postulation, which is as true as the formulation of their country and it would take a herculean cause of both sides to completely erase this belief from the subconscious mind.. Pakistan Army is perceived to be a highly motivated and a disciplined organisation. The people have conventionally shown great admiration, even high regard, for its officers and soldiers, who have time and again performed when the time of reckoning, come. On the other hand the military leadership has frequently let the military and the country down. Slowly, respect, has been replaced by a heart of fear and hatred and has generated dialogue on the army and its role in the countrys polity. During the Zia regime in the late 1980s, people were so fed up with the uniform and its interference in daily life that many Army officers desisted going in public places in uniform . During 1990s, hatred of the military was due to the fact that the army was seen encroaching into the commercial life of the cities and even agriculture.Even during the time Musharraf was in power People minced no words when it came to criticizing the military but they taked within the four walls of their houses.They adjusted to the military rule which it seems to have become habit of sorts.

What Is Capacity Planning?

What Is condenser Planning?Planning is c erstrned with mentation forth, making provision. Capacity tin be referred to as the upper curb on the estimate of output. An different meaning of cognitive content fire likewise be to maximum rate at which a trans fashionation brass produces or transites comments. Therefore condenser preparation fucking be specify as the procedure used to check into how much condenser is c exclusively for and when it is asked, in tack together to manufacture greater harvest- sequence or be harvestion of a forward-looking crossroad.According to TeamQuest (www.teamquest.ocm/ skill cookery betrothal access 12 Feb 2010) the goal of skill preps would be to impart satisfactory service takes to users in a cost- good manner. Capacity cooking has become a subscribe issue in a global environment out-of-pocket to the fiscal benefits of the efficient use of capacitor objects within corporal requirements readiness dusts and separate information systems.Insufficient capacitor testament lead to insufficient preservation performance, stress on stream cream-in- forge, and frustrate sales personnel and those in manufacturing. However, excess subject matter ignore be costly and un obligatory. The wishing of straitlaced faculty planning forget become a barrier to the motion of maximising performance.With regard to Natref refinery they shake a constant plan ahead for the next six calendar months where the last three months ar fixed. A famine of picture would definitely influence its ability to provide according to its estimates. The supplies call for to be monitored most overdue to the fact that capacity is a contingent restraint, especially when at that focalize is a film for stock mannikining. These problems atomic number 18 closely planned and scheduled to reduce unforeseen capacity problems.The planning is make by the sh arholders of Natref namely Sasol, that holds 63.64% of the sh atomic number 18s and Total that holds 36.36% shares. The shareholders are very closely tough with Natrefs daily operations. The aims of capacity and mathematical product rate is al ports monitored to en sealed that the shew is run in an optimised way and to interpret that at that place are no compendiousage of raw materials.When doing capacity planning it is in-chief(postnominal) to claim the adjacent three step as set out by TeamQuest (www.teamquest.ocm/capacityplanning examine access 12 Feb 2010)To follow the preceding(prenominal) mentioned steps, you crumb plug that your governing body leave behind be prepared for the future. You give pay off the information necessary to purchase save what you need, head offing over-provisioning while at the same time guarantee adequate service.To be able to do capacity planning it is all important(p) to understand and determine the market requirements. To be able to determine the requirements you need to understand the worklo ads. Before setting service/product levels, you need to determine what unit you go forth use to measure the incoming work. According to TeamQuest (www.teamquest.ocm/capacityplanning Date access 12 Feb 2010) the workload hindquarters be explained as a logical classification of work performed.It is useful to analyze the work do on systems in terms that make senseBOTTLENECKSWhat is a obstruct?A Bottleneck is the action that occurs and causes the capacity in a legitimate procedure that is non fully utilized for (Operations Supply Management, Jacobs, spare-time activity, Aquilano, 2009165) this action, it may be time, how long it takes to complete the task or the facilities that are in dish for instance dispatch places of the final product.Business Definition Bottleneck (http//dictionary.bnet.com/ translation/bottleneck.html Date of access 10 Feb 2010)An activity within an physical composition which has a visit capacity than preceding or subsequent activities, thereby modifica tion throughput. Bottlenecks are often the cause of a crap-up of work in submit and of idle time,A limiting factor on the rate of an operation. A workstation operating at its maximum capacity becomes a bottleneck if the rate of production elsewhere in the plant increases throughput further at that workstation piece of tail non be increased to meet beseech. An understanding of bottlenecks is important if the faculty and capacity of an assembly line are to be increased. The techniques of fishbone charts, Pareto charts, and flow charts introduction be used to identify where and why bottlenecks occur.Identification of bottlenecks (Production and Operations Management, radio beam Wild, 1979)There are two ways to identify bottlenecks in a system, first check whether the preference profile is correct for the effrontery capacity and secondly make use of the association of personnel in the particular(prenominal) layout by discussing this and witnessing out where they see the b ottlenecks.In the make for to block and manage bottlenecks, there need to be looked at the side by side(p) factorsThe work that must(prenominal) be done and the work ethicsThe goal is to ca-ca what the most economic way is, to get the work done.To standardize the method, equipment and material that is used to get the work done.Furthermore there should be conventional how much time a qualified worker needs to do a job of a given quality standard.It is important that this lick be applied for maximum benefit to the organization.The interpretation of the layoutPoints that need to be looked at are the questCost of the handling and moving of blunt oil. exercise of grind, facilities and the space of the plant.Are there initial plans for the maximization or minimization of the layout?If equipment needs to be changed or replaced, does the plant compensate for it?Capacity planning and commission thereofEffective capacity management is of finish importance to Natref.The main goal f or capacity planning is to balance the level of manufacturing to the get of the product being manufactured. Capacity planning comes down to the following two factorsDetermining the capacity needed for the manufacturing system.By developing and implementing a outline that can be used in the existing puzzle out by applying resources in such(prenominal) a manner those fluctuations can sum up in beseech.SchedulingBecause Natref is operating on a LEAN process, schedule is of utmost importance, for example when a shutdown is planned. This means that certain activities pull up stakes confuse to be rescheduled, for example, more completed products will take a crap to be stored for the demand thereof during the shutdown.The ships with rocky oil that have been posted, will have to be rescheduled, because there might not be computer memory pitch(prenominal) at Natcos.The design and scheduling of the process flowSee if the refinery process used by Natref is entailing optimal flow, in other words, is the manufacturing line in balance.All these processes are being used and implemented by Natref. What makes the stain at Natref a slightly different is that bottlenecks can not only fig out in the layout, but likewise in the process of crude oil being provided from Durban by pipe line. Bottlenecks can also arise at the computer memory mental quickness (Natcos).Refer to Annexure A for the schematic intromission on the potential bottlenecks.All the points marked A, B, C, D and E can be identified as probable bottlenecks.Because Natref itself does not have a lot of storage capacity (LEAN) for crude oil, they should act more pro-active to avoid bottlenecks in the refining and procurement stages. If bottlenecks occur during the refining process, thus it should be dealt with the utmost urgency.Note to NatrefAt read Natrefs biggest points for bottlenecks are the procuring and shipping of ready products, because in both cases they do not have rich storage capaci ty.The existing shipping facility is too small and therefore a bigger shipping facility is being built to increase the yard for road- and rail transport. This is a much cheaper option to building a storage facility at Natref, because there would be less risk due to fire hazards when product is kept in storage. Natrefs main goal is procurement of energy resources. Natref should in fact make use of its clients storage facilities and so shipping its ready-made products quicker.Relating to the procurement of crude oil, Natref should manage bottlenecks as follows for stripped-down risksAdvanced buying of crude oil should be scheduled that there would always be enough ships on its way, so that Natcos (storage farm at Durban) would not run out and that there would always be enough storage space. care plans for the pipe line from Natcos to Natref should be thoroughly seen through, so that continual flow of crude oil can be maintained. Maintenance should be synchronized during shutdown a ssures. expertness PLANNING CHANGES IN penury AND SUPPLYThe byplay environment has never been more challenging than it is refine now. The fixedness of change in the marketplace is creating a stress on corporations to respond cursorily and effectively. The foundation that is required to react to dynamic changes in put up and demand is based on understanding your turn in bondage capacities. Understanding and and so building the infrastructure that provides the needed flexibility and speed requires an in-depth understanding of how capacity adjoins your pedigree.The impact of capacity management is felt end-to-end the organization, within every element of the supply chain. Supplier capacity can bring production to a standstill. Production capacity is equally important if the capacity is not great enough to meet peak demand periods and inventory building is not properly planned, customer demand will go unfilled. Distribution capacity, both storage and throughput, operates de livery of the right product at the right time. Transportation connects all elements of the supply chain as such, its capacity issues are key, influencing service levels and on-time delivery performance.Change has become the rule, not the exception. The need for capacity management is measured not in days or quarters but rather in weeks and months. Changes can be brutally fast and without warning. Industry over the sometime(prenominal) two geezerhood has been hit hard with a steep slowdown of their business. Some were managing their capacity to great detail during the late 90s, with state of the art systems in place however, these systems failed when business conditions began impacting their drawn-out supply duress, including contract manufacturers and suppliers. With these current levels of change, dynamic amount and planning tools have become a necessity.External as hearty as internal dynamics work the need for constant observe and adjustment of capacity levels and policie s. Global economic conditions and competitors cause away pressures that argufy current business shapes. From price pressures to raw material availability, organizations must be flexible enough to react quickly to these changes. Internal dynamics can be equally as disruptive. Acquisitions and partnerships as headspring as courses into new markets create opportunities to leverage current assets and spend capital wisely. However, without proper planning, these opportunities can become large challenges and liabilities if synergies are not exploited. No matter how well capacity planning is conducted, these ratiocinations must periodically be revisited to make sure they are still aligned with the organizations goals. If so, they will provide the foundation to take new initiatives including collaboration throughout the extended supply chain.Management globe A subjective issueAs every passenger car knows, capacity is a difficult concept to measure out. Whether its a workstations a bility to process jobs or a manufacturing plants capability for a year, the answer is frequently it depends. Because of the dynamic genius of capacity and the interrelationships among different supply chain elements, capacity is forever changing. Product-mix changes, process or equipment engineering ameliorations, labor availability and new data management systems are only a few reasons capacity can utterly change. The most available and, therefore, most popular measure of capacity is the past-but the past is not necessarily a good indication of the future.There is an answer. umpteen tools have been developed to conveyress the dynamic nature of supply chains today. In an effort to empower managers, to allow them to plan rather than react, planning tools evaluate a grade of variables and are superior to educate shooting about where, how much and when capacity should be modified. With a scope ranging from a full view of the supply chain to a subset of the organization to a mic ro within the box view of a facility, there is a tool to meet both capacity management need. These tools service quantify the differences among alternatives and lead to a greater understanding of the interrelationships within a supply chain. From identifying bottlenecks, to backup suppliers, to available alternate routings, to contingency planning, the true cost and impact of conclusivenesss can be evaluated. Because all elements of the system being studied can be corrected at once, sub-optimization can be avoided. Alternatives can be objectively evaluated to determine their true impact on a multifariousness of performance measures, including throughput capacity, inventory levels, and cycle times, before expensive and disruptive changes are made.According to Baltzan et al. (2009184) demand planning SCM (Supply Chain Management) software can help an organization determine capacity. An organization must determine the performance capacity level for each of its facilities. If it de cides a facility will have a large amount of excess capacity, which provides the flexibility to respond to wide swings in demand, then it is choosing an effectiveness strategy. Excess capacity, however, cost money and can therefore decrease efficiency. Natref does just this, by utilising its software, swinging the throughput of its product albeit diesel engine or Petrol, whenever the demand for the one product exceeds that of the other the system can quickly change the throughput of the product needed.Competitive Advantage Knowledge is PowerCapacitys pervasive influence and the pace of change make the need for accurate knowledge and flexibility a necessity. The ability to quickly react, while making educated and informed finishs, will directly impact the health and success of your organization. It will enable you to rise above your competition, to compete based on your supply chain and the service and flexibility you can provide.In todays dynamic business environment, speed and flexibility are a necessity. From being able to quickly respond to business conditions to reacting to dramatic changes in customer demand, a dispro good deal of capacity can have devastating heads. in addition much capacity can result in low re make on assets, morale negatively charged layoffs and expensive facility closures while too little can result in lost sales and eroding customer loyalty. Utilizing a strategical network design tool allows an organization to objectively evaluate its extended supply chain and simultaneously consider all cost and business policies. This understanding can then drive an organizations capital expenditures and strategies as they build a world-class supply chain, built to compete against any organization in the world.It can be said that from the information provided by Natref it is utilising its capacity very successful. In total Natref produces 170 000 m3 of Petrol 170 000m3 of diesel engine burn + 30 000 m3 of Diesel fuel for export markets, 110 000 m3 of Jet-Fuel (kerosene) and 25 000 t Heavy Fuel Oil for industrial use 13 000 t of Bitumen. Thus a total of 480 000m3 and 38 000t of product. The demand fluctuates constantly and Natref has to constantly stay abreast with changes. Natref are fortunate to have shareholders that have a direct input into the market that helps with its planning.TECHNIQUES TO DETERMINE LONG-TERM CAPACITY REQUIREMENTSTo achieve real (effective) capacity, you must understand what is produce, need to look at both resource input and product output. As operation manager you have to ensure to view also the dimension of capacity, and that capacity must be stated relative to some period of time. This is evidence in the common distinction draw between long-range, intermediate-range, and short-range capacity planning.(Jacobs, Chase and Aquilano (2009121-122))According to Jacobs et al (2009123-124) the objective of strategic capacity planning is to provide an approach for find out the boilersuit capacit y level of capital-intensive resources facilities, equipment, and overall working class force size that best reassert the companys long-range competitive strategy. To ensure overall capacity level the concept of best operating level must be used and at all time ensure a 100% capacity role rate is acquired. Capacity utilization rate is determined by the material capacity used change integrity by the actual capacity it has been developing for. The % out of 100 will determined the utilization rate.When determining capacity requirements, you have to require demand for each product line, individual plant capabilities, and allocation from production engagement forecasting techniques to predict sales for individual products within each product line.Calculate equipment and labour requirements to meet product line forecasting.Project labour and equipment available over the planning horizon.(Jacobs et al (2009121-122))To evaluate capacity alternatives Jacobs et al (2009131) suggests th e use of a closing tree. A decision tree is a convenient way to evaluate a capacity investment decision this does not only help to understand the problem but also finds a solution. A decision tree is a schematic representative of the sequence of steps in a problem and the conditions and consequences of each step. The way forward is that a square indicates a decision point and the circles represent change points. Branches from decision point show choices available for decision maker, branches from find events show the probabilities for occurrence. To solve the tree you work back from the end to the unhorse of the tree, you calculate the anticipate taxs of each step, by calculating the value of each step the time and money value is important if the planning horizon is long.Example diagram of a decision treein one case the calculation is made you prune the tree by eliminating from each decision point all the branches except the one with the highest pay off. This waits until the first decision point and problems are solved. If no changes are made competitors will move in and would make expansion no longer feasible.According to an international Journal of Production Economics (2001p215-22) in a manufacturing strategy, capacity is a structural decision category, dealing with dynamic capacity expansion and diminution relative to the long-term changes in demand levels. Sales and operation planning (SOP) is the long-term planning of production levels relative to sales within the fig work of a manufacturing planning and control system. Within the SOP, resources planning are used for determining the appropriate capacity levels in order to support the production plan. Manufacturing strategy and sales operation planning provides two perspectives on long-term capacity management, raising and treating different issues.Note to Natref regarding best practice techniques to determine long-term capacity requirementsNatref needs toEstimate the capacity of the present fa cilities115 000 barrels/dayAll petrol grades 3500 liter/ handsome80% of JIA jet fuel requirements 2000 l/minute, andDiesel 4500 liters/minuteWith above information Natref need to establish their capacity utilization percentage and relates the actual output to output capacity and actual input use to input capacity. This will determine the efficiency of the current input and output capacity. With this a capacity cushion need to be added on to the capacity demand to allow for greater than expected demand, demand during peak demand seasons, lower production cost, product and volume flexibility and improve quality of products and services. view the long-range future capacity needsNatref need to consider the spirit input for the next 5 years and understand the product vitality cycle as it impacts capacity. Anticipate technology development and competitors action. Forecast the strategy and demand of shareholders.Ask the question what will change to the current month productions in 5 y ears170 000 m3 of Petrol30 000 m3 of Diesel fuel for export markets110 000 m3 Jet-fuel25 000 t heavy fuel oil for industrial useNatref could also expand long-term capacity bySubcontract with other companies, acquire other companies facilities and resourcesExpand , modify or modify excising facilitiesWhen all above is done and the forecast and capacity requirements has been establish. Two approaches could be followed namely expand all at once or expand incrementally.Expand all at once build the ultimate facility now and train into itLittle risk of having to turn down business due to inadequate capacity and less falling out of productionOne large project cost less than few smaller projects and due to inflation, will construction cost be higher(prenominal) in the futureIncrementally build as capacity demand growLess risky if forecast needs to materialize and funds are not teid up in capacity for other investment possibilities discriminate for new productsMay suggestion would be th at after Natref has decides what strategy they extremity to take for the next 5 years regarding long-term capacity requirements they need to analyze more than one suggestion in a decision tree the expected value approach.The decision point would be the 5 year strategy, regarding this Natref need to determine more than one change event that will have an expected value. This will allow Natref to see all choices available for decision making and the probabilities for occurrence. When all the choices available value are calculated, Natref need to work back from the end of the tree to the start of the tree, this will allow Natref to calculated the expected value of each step and the time and money to determine the actual long-term requirements for the next 5 years. slipway TO COUNTER LACK OF CAPACITY DURING PEAK DEMANDS/SHUTDOWNSIf the goal of capacity planning is to provide satisfactory service levels to users in a cost effective manner, then the need of capacity would be not succeed ing in providing satisfactory service levels. And if capacity planning is defined as the process that is used to determine how much capacity is needed and when it is needed, in order to manufacture greater products or production of a new product, then lack of capacity is the situation where a goal is not achieved, due to some or other constraint in the process.According to a study conducted by Sylvester, Lendon and Bevan (20041) they prove that to continually add capacity is not a viable solution to counter the lack of capacity. In their study they needed to properly understand and manage patient flow in a hospital. This is removed from the capacity at a refinery, but the fundamental principle would still be the same. If one compare this directly to the Natref state of affairs, the trust would be that to add capacity would not necessarily counter the lack of capacity.Natref is currently in the process of establishing another storage facility. The cost of adding this facility is ve ry high, approximately R300 million. It is therefore not executable to constantly add capacity or storage facilities every time it seems that a lack of capacity will occur. Natref counter a lack of capacity by erecting a new storage facility, by ensuring that their estimates and planning for the given shutdown/peak period is precise. Although the product is stored periodically, to ensure that on the date of the shutdown or when the peak demand starts, it has sufficient stock to continue with the demand or supply in the additional situation, Natref should investigate the possibilities of utilising outdoor(a) sources of capacity. These storage facilities could include the underground tanks of the individual filling stations, and/or determining the product that will most likely be short or that needs to be stored for future use and to expand the storage of that product and lessening the storage of the product that would not be used as frequently.According to TeamQuest (www.teamquest. ocm/capacityplanning Date access 12 Feb 2010) there are phoebe bird noteworthy reasons why capacity planning fails. It would also be possible to trace these reasons back and make a connection with the lack of capacity. If the planning fails the capacity would most probably fail as well. These five reasons are1. Imperfect data2. Lack of common goals3. Trendy versus modelling4. Too narrow view5. Flaws in the prediction method.If these five facts are taken into consideration when the capacity planning is done, it would increase the possibility of success for a project.Further there are three important considerations taken into key when adding capacity. They are1. Maintaining system balance2. Frequency of capacity and3. Use of external capacity.When analysing current capacity there are four basic steps that could be used to assist youTeamQuest (www.teamquest.ocm/capacityplanning Date access 12 Feb 2010) identifies the following four stepsThe first step would include comparing the mea surements of any items referenced in the service level agreements with their objectives. This will indicate whether the system has adequate capacity.The second step would include checking the usage of resources. This analysis identifies highly used resources that may prove problematic at present or in the future.The third step would include looking at the resource utilisation for each workload. Determine which workloads are the major users of each resource. This will indicate the workloads that are making the greatest demands on the system resources.The tail step is to determine where each workload is spending its time by analysing the components of response time. Allowing you to determine which system resources are responsible for the greatest portion of the response time for each workload.When measuring capacity you need to consider the followingDesign capacity the maximum output that can peradventure be attained.Effective capacity The maximum possible output given a product mix , scheduling difficulties, machine maintenance, quality factors, and so on. unfeigned output the rate of output actually achieved.Measuring of System long suitEfficiency the ratio of actual output to effective capacityUtilization the ratio of actual output to design capacity.PLAN FOR THE FUTURETo ensure that you will be able to meet the requirements of the market in a years time, you need to do capacity planning based on the forecasted processing requirements. You need to know the expected amount of incoming work, by workload. That will allow you to calculate the optimal system configuration for strong service levels.Future processing requirements can come from a variety of sources. Input form management may includeExpected harvest-time in the businessRequirements for implementing new applicationsPlanned acquisitions or divestitures to name but a few.Additional, future processing requirements may be identified from trends in historical measurements of incoming work such as order s or transactions. aft(prenominal) system capacity requirements for the future are identified, a capacity plan should be developed to prepare for it.The first step in doing this is to create a model of the current configuration. From this starting point, the model can be modified to reflect the future capacity requirements.If the results of the model indicate that the current configuration does not provide sufficient capacity for the future requirements, then the model can be used to evaluate configuration alternatives to find the optimal way to provide sufficient capacity.When considering capacity planning there are even more issues to consider. Best practices. Since the late nineties refineries have expanded capacity significantly, production capacity has increased tremendously. As refineries got larger, it was expected that emissions would increase as well. Environmental problems have become a big issue due to the large expansion in demand for product. Goals to achieve the envir onmental standards and best practices are a large part of capacity planning and production. Finding newer and better ways of producing more product and scurrying and cheaper.New modern techniques have challenged organisations to rethink the way they conduct business both internally and externally. To determine how efficiently and effectively their entire supply chain is managed. The petroleum refining industry has effectively embraced the software solutions to hone the business supply chain to maximise the profit margins and create order in the chaos of numerous opportunities and challenges.The supply chain of a regular petroleum refining company involves a wide spectrum of activities, starting form crude purchase and crude conveying to refineries, refining operations, product transportation and finally delivering the product to the end user. The nature of the value chain is such that its economics are extremely complex and heavily linked. For example the process of selecting th e right crude is liked not only to the transportation costs involved in delivering to the refinery, but it must take into consideration the refinery configuration, capabilities and constraints in converting the crude into products, as well as the product volume and price fluctuations.Software solutions based on Linear programming (LP) technique have emerged as leaders among various mathematical optimization techniques available to optimize the entire supply chain form crude evaluation and selection, production planning and product logistic planningRefinery planning form the foundation for the business decisions that have the biggest impact on refinery profitability. The following are plans that should be consideredAnnual plansMonthly rolling plansWeekly PlansStrategic PlansProfitability improvement plansLONG TERM CAPACITY PLANNINGAccording to the Encyclopaedia of Business, second ed. The following is explained under long term capacity planning everyplace the long term, capacity plan ning relates primarily to strategic issues. This involves the firms major production facilities. This type of planning also involves location decisions, technology and transferability of the process to other products.Long term capacity planning may evolve when short term changes in capacity are insufficient.Long term considerations relates to overall level of capacityDet

McDonalds 4 Ps of Marketing Analysis

McDonalds 4 Ps of Marketing AnalysisMcDonalds Corporation since its start in 1955 has remained consistently as c pretermitly known brand name worldwide. In order to achieve this status the conjunction has used merchandise strategies that be possessed of covered every aspect of the business and social world. From advertising and competitors to jet dealing and charity, McDonalds has a goal and for what they want to achieve and has found ways of achieving those goals. Throughout this paper you will find descriptions of how McDonalds used the four Ps of marketing in order to fashion a successful and well known worldwide company.The four Ps of marketing include price, carrefour, advancemental material and hind end. Marketing strategies ar created through a process of conducting research, which provides the education for deciding the correct product/ supporter, appropriate pricing structures, and the effective posteriorment and promotion for establishing the proper position in the marketplace for achieving optimal return on investment. (investopedia.com) The marketing strategies that hurt been created through this research by McDonalds Corporation afford served them well ever since they opened their doors in 1955. The founder of McDonalds Corporation, Ray Kroc, started the company with the mindset of expanding his business by using franchising. Since 1955, McDonalds has become one of the most(prenominal) valuable brand names in the world. (Rowley, 2004)Expanding the corporation glob each(prenominal)y is the marketing dodge that has allowed McDonalds to become one of the worlds largest profligate food retailers. In 1958, possessor Ray Kroc made a statement, The basis for our entire business is that we argon ethical, truthful and dependable. (McDonalds.com, 2010) The McDonalds mission statement lists the four Ps of marketing as the basics of providing an exceptional customer experience.The first of the four Ps is price. McDonalds boilersuit pricing objective is to increase market sh are. (Vignali, 2004) With the original research that was make to create a successful marketing strategy, McDonalds Corporation researched the demand, competitors position in the market and the cost of creating the product and created a price that will create a customer demand. When the recession hit, a vast majority of businesses began to lose customers and in return income. McDonalds was one of the few that cashed in on the recession by creating a value menu. The value menu, which features distinguish items interchange for one dollar each, has helped McDonalds bring in customers consistently and this steady income has helped increase market share.The second of the four Ps is product. When McDonalds first opened in 1955, they were the first business to provide burgers, fries and milk shakes in a convenient family dining atmosphere. The competitors in the area provided no competition and McDonalds change its one one C millionth hamburger in 1 958. As season went on and technology advanced, the market became more competitive and a healthy lifestyle trend began to unfold in society. But correct with all this change, McDonalds kept to their philosophy, providing caliber food and a quality service in a fast and loose environment and with this philosophy they maintained their place in the market. Two years after their tenth anniversary in 1965, McDonalds began opening operations in Puerto Rico and Canada and currently they now have operations in one hundred and eighteen countries, including China, Japan, UK and Australia. (Mcdonalds.com, 2010) Each land has their own unique menu items, but a few of the classics are on every menu worldwide. These include the Big Mac, Quarter Pounder, French Fries and beaming Meal.When Starbucks began offering coffee and a breakfast prepare combo, it provided competition to McDonalds already well known and loved breakfast menu. McDonalds answer to this competition was to create a new l ine of products called the McCafe. The McCafe was a amplitude coffee beverage that came hot, cold or blended and in a variety of flavors at a reasonable price.The third of the four Ps is promotion. There are four ways to promote a product in the world of marketing advertising, direct marketing, sales promotions and earth relations. advert is used worldwide and usually involves the use of a celebrity assess the quality, value and affordability of the product. McDonalds advertising is different in each of the one hundred and eighteen countries they have locations in. To date, McDonalds has used twenty three different slogans in US advertising and a few other(a)(a) slogans in other countries worldwide. Television, radio and newspaper are not the only ways in which McDonalds advertises their product. They have begun to use billboards and sponsoring sporting events such as the Olympics. But even with all these extra advertising connections, television has been the key advertising strategy for McDonalds. Direct marketing is most commonly achieved by the use of websites. McDonalds website provides slender information about menu items, company policies and the company story. The information that is provided to the security guard allows them to get a better understanding at how McDonalds became what it is today. Sales promotions are an important key in any marketing strategy. The most common sales promotion that McDonalds run is their Happy Meal. The food content has remained the resembling over the years, but the toy changes all the time. The toy that comes in the Happy Meal usually corresponds to a movie or event that touristed at that time. The current Happy Meal includes toys that are themed to DreamWorks Megamind movie. Public relations are a very important aspect to McDonalds. Their website alone provides information for a variety of people. There is an entire section on the website use to students who need information for writing term papers. The web site even provides a place for customers to provide feedback for the company. McDonalds feeds of this feedback and uses it to help maintain their quality service. In Beijing, McDonalds hires individuals to be public relation agents in the community and provide information and receive feedback to be given back to corporate headquarters. Beyond their website, McDonalds is well known for their region to the community. The Ronald McDonald House was created in many communities to help children and their families with special needs. A memorize conducted by a program called A Cause that Counts in 2009 states, look into shows that 92% of Americans have a more positive image of companies that harbour a cause. And, 87% of Americans are likely to switch brands, when price and quality are equal, to support a cause. These trends are consistent around the globe.In 1977, McDonalds sponsored a High School basketball team and gave them the opportunity to revive an exhibition game against the Was hington Nationals. McDonalds has also been a proud sponsor of the Olympics for many years, donating money to help maintain the quality of the event.The final P of the four Ps is place. Place mainly consists of the companys distribution channel. This marketing strategy is important, so that the company can make sure that their product is on hand(predicate) at the right place, at the right time and with the right quantity. some 50% of Americans are within three miles of a McDonalds drive thru and ingenuous majority of those are located either near large housing developments or schools. Each McDonalds provides their own unique experience for the both the children and the adults. all McDonalds includes a childrens play area, which usually includes a slide and various other playground equipment for the children to play on. For the adults, McDonalds has started to offer an internet facility at select locations. These allow the adults to access the internet on their laptops while thei r children are play in the kid zone.Using these marketing strategies and maintaining the goal of providing quality service and food in an inviting environment at a fast and easy pace, will allow McDonalds to remain on top of the market of fast food retailers. Their environments and prices will continue to have people saying, Im Loving It.

Methods for Prevention of Post-ERCP Pancreatitis

Methods for Prevention of Post-ERCP PancreatitisPrevention of post endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography pancreatitis scamPancreatitis is the most common and weighty complication of ERCP. Several risk factors hold out that help to formation and progress pancreatitis. These risk factors may be factors that ar related to patient, and factors that related to Procedure, or factors related to operator. All of the risk factors should be considered and as far as possible may be take down with attention to pathogenesis of the development of post-ERCP pancreatitis. These pathogenesis atomic number 18 include sphincter spasm, infection, contrast toxicity and pancreatic secretion that induce activation of proteolytic enzymes and inflammatory process. roughly of methods and pharmacological agent assessed for foilion pathogenesis pathway to decline post-ERCP pancreatitis.IntroductionIn about 75 percent of patients after endoscopic retrogradecholangiopancreato-graphy (ERCP) may turn over elevation in serum amylase yet acute clinical pancreatitis (defined as a clinical syndrome of abdominal hurting and hyperamylasemia) is less common. However, acute pancreatitis is the central complication of ERCP and rent to pay attention it to prevent from its morbidity and mortality 1.Mechanism for post ERCP pancreatitisThe exact appliance for PEP is unknown. It needs to be a trigger event that turn on the inflammatory process, that stinker be the fallowing thermal injury from sphincterotomy, mechanical obstruction to outflow of the pancreatic secretions , papillary edema from attempted multiple tricknulations, sphincterotomy etc., injury from guide wire, chemical substance injury of the contrast, microbiological injury due to introduction of duodenal flora into the pancreas etc 2. fortune Factors for Post-ERCP PancreatitisIt is important to identify cases in which there are high risks for pancreatitis that we can prevent the complications of the prophylactic me thod such as pancreatic stenting or pharmacological prophylaxis. Assessment of both patient- and procedure-related factors is necessary to detect the high-risk cases ( duck 1) 3.Table 1 Risk Factors for Post-ERCP Pancreatitis 3.Definition of post ERCP pancreatitisTo diagnose PEP need to be at least two of the following criteriaEpigastric pain with radiation to the back,Elevation of amylase and / or lipase at least 3 measure higher than normal.Radiological imaging that suggests pancreatitis.Amylase and lipase may have an elevation scorn the patients does not has any symptom. Radiological imaging is helpful when the diagnosis is trying 4.Methods and pharmacologic legal profession of post-ERCP pancreatitisA. the Following techniques should be adhered to in order to subside the risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis1. Endoscopic techniques2. Cannulation3. Electrocautery4. Pancreatic stentingB. Pharnacologic prophylamsNonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugssteroidal anti-inflammatory agentsOth er anti-inflammatory agents Allopurinol semapimod- interleukin 10- pentoxifylline- Platelet-activating factor-EpinephrineInhibitors of pancreatic secretion Somatostatin- Somatostatin unite with diclofenac- octerotide- calcitoninAgents that stimulate pancreatic secretion and restrict sphincter timberland SecretinAgents that reduce of sphincter tone nifedipine-Nit counts-Glyceryl trinitrate botulinum toxin-topical lidocaineInhibitors of protease activation Gabexate mesilate- Nafamostat- Ulinastatin- C1-inhibitor- heparinAntioxidants N-acetylcysteine- Sodium selenite- Beta- CaroteneAntimicrobial agentsAntimetabolites 5-FU (5 Fluoro Uracil)5.Some of the drugs that tested in unalike trials are described belowPharmacological Prevention for Post-ERCP PancreatitisSince the introduction of ERCP, numerous pharmacologic drugs have been assessed to prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis based on their pharmacologic mechanism and their number on one or more of the factors associated with pancreatic injury (Figure 1) 6.1- NSAIDsNSAIDs (diclofenac or indomethacin) are the most drugs that are using for stripe of post-ERCP pancreatitis 7.The European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy recommends routine rectal administration of 100 mg diclofenac or indomethacin for stripe of post-ERCP pancreatitis 8.2- Glyceryl trinitrateGlyceryl trinitrate reduces sphincter of Oddi pressure and may uses to prevent post-ERCP pancreatitis. ManuelMoret in his lease assessed that could transdermal glyceryl trinitrate be effective in the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis? The results of his study rise that transdermal glyceryl trinitrate patch significantly reduces post-ERCP pancreatitis 7.3- Nifedipinecalcium channel inhibitors can prevent the development of experimental pancreatitis.Nifedipine is from the calcium channel blocker drugs and its effect is reducing sphincter spasm.Part do randomized, placebo-controlled trial to determine whether the calcium channel blocker nifedipine preven ts post-ERCP pancreatitis. Nifedipine or placebo was administered before and within 6 hours after ERCP.This study failed to show significant effect of nifedipine in the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis 8.4-AntibioticsInfections that occur when ERCP is through can activation proteolytic enzymes and lead to pancreatitis. Now there is this drumhead that antibiotics can use in the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis. One prospective randomized controlled trial showed that the ceftazidime administration before ERCP significantly decreased the relative relative incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis in the control group that did not receive antibiotic 9.The persona of the study is questionable because the control group did not received no antibiotic 10.5- RisperidoneUlinastatin inhibited systemic inflammatory responses and may benefit for prevention post-ERCP pancreatitis.Tsujino assessed the effect of risperidone (a selective serotonin 2A antagonist) combined with ulinastatin for t he prevention of PEP in high-risk patients.In a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial, patients were randomly compared to administration ulinastatin with or without risperidone.The incidence of PEP was not significantly different between two groups, but pancreatic enzymes level were significantly lower in the risperidone+ulinastatin group as compared with ulinastatin alone 11.6- IndomethacinIndometacin is from nonstroidal antiinflamatory drugs that are used for prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis.Joseph Elmunzer in a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial assigned patients that were high risk for post-ERCP pancreatitis to receive a single dose of indomethacin or placebo immediately after ERCP. Among patients at high risk for post-ERCP pancreatitis, rectal indomethacin significantly reduced the incidence of the post-ERCP pancreatitis 12.Yaghoobi also assigned one meta-analysis to assessed rectal indomethacin for the prevention of post-ERCP pancr eatitis. This meta-analysis showed that the rate of pancreatitis was significantly lower when using indomethacin as compared with placebo. 13.7- CorticosteroidCorticosteroids are anti-inflammatory drugs and may be able to decrease the risk of post-ERCP pancreatitis.In a prospective randomized controlled multicentre study, administration of prednisone did not reduce the incidence of pancreatitis rather than placebo 14.8- N-acetyl CysteineN-acetyl Cysteine can reduce inflammation and may be useful in post-ERCP pancreatitis.Pezhman Alavi Nejad wants to evaluate efficacy of N-acetyl Cysteine for the Prevention of Post-endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Pancreatitis. He assigned a prospective double blind randomized study. in that respect were significant reduce in the prevalence of acute pancreatitis between the groups. This study shows that NAC could be used for the prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis 15.9- AprepitantAprepitant is one drug from the classification of neurok inin-1 sensory receptor antagonists. Upendra Shah wants to assess the efficacy of aprepitant at preventing post-ERCP pancreatitis in high risk patients. A randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial assigned. Patients received either placebo or oral aprepitant. Aprepitant could not decrease the incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis against placebo 16.pancreatic stentsAbhishek Choudhary assessed a meta-analysis and to determined effect of pancreatic stents for prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis.This meta-analysis of the RCTs showed that pancreatic stent placement reduces the incidence pancreatitis and hyperamylasemia 17.ConclusionConsidering the fact that pancreatitis is the most important of the ERCP complications we should pay attention the methods for prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis. Pancreatic stents are useful for this aim. From the pharmacologic agents, Glyceryl trinitrate, Indometacin and N-acetyl Cysteine could significantly decrease the incidence of post-ERCP pa ncreatitis. Other drug that assessed in this appraise article such as Nifedipine, Risperidone, Corticosteroids, and Aprepitant did not show significant effect for prevention of post-ERCP pancreatitis.

Developing Critical Thinking Essay -- Critical Thinking Reflection

A person is not born as a good critical thinker. The first thing that is needed is a level of maturity having the index to conceptualize and understand the world (Boss, 2010). The skills that be associated with a person that has good critical thinking are analytic Skills recognize and evaluate arguments to filter through to the truth.Effective Communication index to listen, speak, and write effectively.Research Skills ability to gather, evaluate, and create supporting evidence.(Boss, 2010)In pedagogy critical thinking, Dr. Chan and Dr. Lau (n.d.) explain good critical thinking, as the foundation of knowledge and a kind democratic society. Science requires the critical use of crusade in experimentation and theory confirmation. The proper functioning of a innocent democracy requires citizens who bear think critically about social issues to avow their judgments about proper governance and to overcome biases and prejudice. A person with a level of maturity that is able to b e research issues, through macrocosm analytical, and done by using good communication skills squeeze out be considered a good critical thinker.In my life, I fill at peace(p) from not being a good critical thinker to get much better as I soak up matured. In my jr. years I used many of the resistances to critical thinking. The one that I used most often was distraction. This was especially true when I was in college for the first time. Many things were able to distract me from focusing on the tasks at hand. Now in my forties returning to school I have more clarity around the goals and this lets me accomplish the tasks more easily. I can listen, analyze, and research the issues more quickly and with more focus to accomplish the billing then in ... ...t created the universe before the big bang? idol might not be just a figment created by religion but could be the ultimate creator of all that we see. working CitedBoss, J. (2010), Think hypercritical thinking and logic skills for everyday life (1st ed.). bleak York McGraw Hill.Chan, J. & Lau, J. (n.d.). Module about critical thinking. Retrieved from http//philosophy.hku.hk/think/critical/ct.phpGoleman, D. (2001). Daniel Golemen emotional intelligence. Thinkers. call for Management Institute. Retrieved March 10, 2012 from http//go.galegroup.com.ezp-02.lirn.net/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA85608627&v=2.1&u=lirn_crevc&it=r&p=GPS&sw=wHasan, M. (2012, January 9). deity need not be the oppositeness of learning. rising Statesman 1996, 141(5087), 19. Retrieved from http//go.galegroup.com.ezp-02.lirn.net/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA279138538&v=2.1&u=lirn_crevc&it=r&p=GPS&sw=w Developing Critical Thinking Essay -- Critical Thinking ReflectionA person is not born as a good critical thinker. The first thing that is needed is a level of maturity having the ability to conceptualize and understand the world (Boss, 2010). The skills that are associated with a person that has good critical thinking areanal ytical Skills recognize and evaluate arguments to filter through to the truth.Effective Communication ability to listen, speak, and write effectively.Research Skills ability to gather, evaluate, and create supporting evidence.(Boss, 2010)In commandment critical thinking, Dr. Chan and Dr. Lau (n.d.) explain good critical thinking, as the foundation of science and a liberal democratic society. Science requires the critical use of campaign in experimentation and theory confirmation. The proper functioning of a liberal democracy requires citizens who can think critically about social issues to propound their judgments about proper governance and to overcome biases and prejudice. A person with a level of maturity that is able to be research issues, through being analytical, and done by using good communication skills can be considered a good critical thinker.In my life, I have at peace(p) from not being a good critical thinker to getting much better as I have matured. In my jr. yea rs I used many of the resistances to critical thinking. The one that I used most often was distraction. This was especially true when I was in college for the first time. Many things were able to distract me from focusing on the tasks at hand. Now in my forties returning to school I have more clarity around the goals and this lets me accomplish the tasks more easily. I can listen, analyze, and research the issues more quickly and with more focus to accomplish the perpetration then in ... ...t created the universe before the big bang? God might not be just a figment created by religion but could be the ultimate creator of all that we see. whole shebang CitedBoss, J. (2010), Think Critical thinking and logic skills for everyday life (1st ed.). New York McGraw Hill.Chan, J. & Lau, J. (n.d.). Module about critical thinking. Retrieved from http//philosophy.hku.hk/think/critical/ct.phpGoleman, D. (2001). Daniel Golemen emotional intelligence. Thinkers. plight Management Insti tute. Retrieved March 10, 2012 from http//go.galegroup.com.ezp-02.lirn.net/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA85608627&v=2.1&u=lirn_crevc&it=r&p=GPS&sw=wHasan, M. (2012, January 9). God need not be the antagonist of science. New Statesman 1996, 141(5087), 19. Retrieved from http//go.galegroup.com.ezp-02.lirn.net/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA279138538&v=2.1&u=lirn_crevc&it=r&p=GPS&sw=w

Essay --

tea tree diagram crude petroleum was introduced to me in 2009 when I experimented in a serial publication of piercings. A friend at the time informed me of the medicinal uses and how it was utile on scar tissue. However the coiffe in which the oil is extracted from is removed more entertaining. Tea Tree (Malaleuca alternifolia) is a plant belonging to the family Myrtaceae family, known for their cleansing properties. There are over two degree centigrade recognized species of Myrtaceae which majority is native to Australia. However a a few(prenominal) species from the Myrtaceae family occur in Malesia, New Caledonia and as of the mid-1880s M. quinquenervia was introduced, as an invasive species to Florida to assist in drying out swampy lands. The indigenous batch of northeastern New South Wales historically had known about the heal mechanics of their native tea trees for thousands of years. They used them as disinfectants to treat baby cuts and wounds. Eventually they pro gressed in the knowledge of the plants uses and found that by inhaling evaporative oil from the leaves that it alleviated congestion and respiratory tract infections. Figure A. Order Myrtlales, Family Myrtaceae. typical of the myrtle family is its use of distilled essential oils, such as Tea tree oil (Melaleuca oil)Compound BackgroundThe leaves of M. alternifolia are the primary part of the plant that is used. Rarely twigs from the tree is also used, it hasnt been proven to be any longer or less effective to use the twigs. To create the oil, the leaves are extracted and harvested for a few days leaving the leaves to wilt. Essentially the leaves are limp by heat and deprived of water. The leaves are then inserted into a boiler with however temperature, distilling the leaves. Eventually both the steam and t... ...uman rights laws protect them. However there is no uniformed legislation that directly protects indigenous medical knowledge.When regarding the plant of cheer Malaleuca alternifolia, it is in deed protected because of its indigenous heritage to Australia. Tea tree oil coming from M. alternifolia proves to be the main source for commercial tea tree that is manufactured and shipped around the world. However tea tree oil can be extracted from other plants within the Malaleuca genus. Which unfortunately has left M. viridiflora an threaten species providing more protection to the specific plant. Regarding the current situation presented in Australia, the conditions count optimal for protection of their indigenous knowledge and organic compounds. They have more laws to protect themselves from outside thieves and are very developed concerning them as a world status.

ATM Networks :: Essays Papers

ATM NetworksTraditional local area meshs, much(prenominal) as Ethernet and Token Ring, use a connectionless or unreliable climb up when move information across the network. individually client is connected to the network by an adapter card, which has a driver, and above that driver is a communications communications protocol driver, such as TCP/IP. The protocol driver bundles information into frames of alter size, and gives each bundle an appropriate header. Then, when the wire is available, the data software packages are shipped polish off to be individually routed through the maze of hardware and software. Each packet in a serial publication of packets could conceivably take a diametrical route to reach the same destination. Traditional local area network technologies do non guarantee that data will arrive on time or in the proper order. Ethernet and Token Ring can detect errors, provided they provide no returns guarantees and are not responsible for recovery from mis sing or corrupted data packets.Because they are joined by a common medium, each station on the traditional LAN sees the packets of data put on the wire by each of the others, regardless of whether the packet is passed sequentially from one station to the next (as in a ring topology) or broadcast to all stations simultaneously (as with Ethernet). Each station has an adapter card, which processes the packet and examines the destination address. If the address applies to that machine, the adapter does a hardware interrupt and accepts the packet.Because a traditional LAN is connectionless, it cannot provide guarantees or similar features. For example, it cannot determine the status of the target machine. It cannot ensure that bandwidth will be available throughout the transmission. Unanticipated bottlenecks are common, which can hinder a traditional LANs ability to support time-sensitive applications such as video-on-demand or voice traffic. Traditional LANs can use upper-level protoco l drivers are to do such things as verify packet arrival (retransmitting, if necessary), partition big messages into smaller ones, use time stamps for synchronization, and so forth. However, these function add time to the transmission, and none of them provide end-to-end quality of service guarantees.ATM, on the other hand, is connection-oriented. An ATM end capitulum establishes a form (a virtual circuit, or VC) to the destination end point prior to sending any data out on the network. It then sends a series of same-size packets (called cells) along this path towards the destination. Note that while establishing the connection, the ATM end point also negotiates a quality of service (QoS) contract for the transmission.

M & Ms - Miners and Mercury :: essays research papers

Most miners of the Amazon lead a very polluted sort of demeanor. They pollute the environ ment they live inand they pollute themselves. The, "garimpeiros" asthe miners are called in Brazil are nonparasiticfarmers of the coin that flows beneath the rivers ofthe Amazon rain-forest. Their daily routine of earlymornings, extensive hard days, and late nights drinkingand taking cocaine contribute to their way of flavour.Their only goal in life is to drill for the gold splashwhich seems to collect at the bottoms of waterfallsthen intent the profits for illegal self indulgences likecocaine. To extract this gold dust they mustcombine mercury with the dust, and because of themercurys chemical make-up it is able to extract thegold from the useless rock and debris. The mercury,however, isnt the cleanest element for theenvironment. Many garimpeiros carelessly use themercury then dump it into the rivers polluting thewater and the food. Also, the dust from the mercurygets inhaled and have by the miners, contributingto their polluted way of life. All day dragas, whichare boats used for mining the bottom of rivers, arepulled to locations where gold is thought to befound, moving and polluting. Then there is thecommon drug use among these farmers. The precedenteven quotes a man named Lincoln, an owner of adraga, saying, "not that I bearing to cocaine. Its noworse than anything else, as far as I know, andaddicts make good workers." To sum thegarimpeiros way of life, they live a life of drinkingand drugs, women and murder. So the polluted wayof life is obvious, men acerbate the waters and thefood and then ultimately themselves, with the illegalactivities of the mining batch in Brazil.Although most do not realize their way of life andits defects, the struggling people of the Brazillianmining trade have special situations and majusculeaspirations. Most men are poor and the temptationto work as a garimpeiros is great. Their isnt muchwork other then tha t of an self-governing miner. Theirline of work has what the author describes as a,"free-spirited, picaresque hero." Most men aspireto inevitably find that big strike thats undecomposed around thecorner, then get out and raise a squeamish life,however, this isnt the typical case, most do not,

Deregulation Of The Airline Industry :: essays research papers

deregulation of the Airline constancyThe airline effort has been subject of intense price competition sinceit was deregulated, and the emergence has been a number of new carriers whichspecialize in regional serve well and no-frills operations. These carrierstypically purchase older aircraft and often operate international the diligence-widecomputerized reservations system. In exchange for these inconveniences,passengers receive economic crisis fares relative to the industry as a whole. This researchexamines two woeful fare air carriers, ValuJet and south-west Airlines. Byinvestigating these air carriers, we can better understand the sparing impactsof price versus improvement in the airline industry as a whole, as well as, theimpacts on passenger and investor confidence.Until 1978, air transport order were approved by the government, whichmeant that price was non a primary agonistic factor. Instead, airlines wouldcompete on service and image. The airline industry was d ominated by giants(American, United, TWA) which offered nationwide and some international service,and by regional carriers, such as south-west, which offered short trips betweenairports not served by the nationals.Deregulation of the airline industry brought about in 1978 introduced asituation in which the national and regional carriers were suddenly able tocompete in an environment that resembled a reconcile market. Rate schedules werelifted, price fixing was eliminated and route management was removed. The mainfactors that unnatural whether an airline could serve a particular city waswhether or not that city had enough gates for the new carrier, and whether thecarrier was able to open to purchase them. Companies such as Southwestrecognized potential for blue fares, and began building a niche for themselves byoffering mild fares with analogous low levels of service. Southwests successgave rise to a new generation of low fare airlines, with ValuJet entering themarket in the e arly 1990s. Unfortunately, ValuJet suffered a hang ofaccidents which brought the future of this air carrier into question.ValuJet is a low-priced airline that offers nickel-and-dime(prenominal) tickets forregional travel. Based in battle of capital of Georgia, the airline serves the Southeastern UnitedStates and competes with Continental Airlines as well as with other smallregional carriers. It serves 31 cities primarily in the southeastern UnitedStates. The airline began its service with flights to Tampa and Orlando fromAtlanta in 1993. The no-frills strategy paid off for the fledgling airline,which post half again as many revenue passenger miles in April 1996 as it didin April 1995. However, the company announced that it was slowing the expansionof its services, voluntarily, at the same time that it stick on this impressiverevenue mark (Cole & Pasztor, 1996, p.Deregulation Of The Airline labor essays research papers Deregulation of the Airline IndustryThe airline industry has been subject of intense price competition sinceit was deregulated, and the matter has been a number of new carriers whichspecialize in regional service and no-frills operations. These carrierstypically purchase older aircraft and often operate international the industry-widecomputerized reservations system. In exchange for these inconveniences,passengers receive low fares relative to the industry as a whole. This researchexamines two low fare air carriers, ValuJet and Southwest Airlines. Byinvestigating these air carriers, we can better understand the economic impactsof price versus service in the airline industry as a whole, as well as, theimpacts on passenger and investor confidence.Until 1978, air transport rate were approved by the government, whichmeant that price was not a primary emulous factor. Instead, airlines wouldcompete on service and image. The airline industry was dominated by giants(American, United, TWA) which offered nationwide and some international service ,and by regional carriers, such as Southwest, which offered short trips betweenairports not served by the nationals.Deregulation of the airline industry brought about in 1978 introduced asituation in which the national and regional carriers were suddenly able tocompete in an environment that resembled a disembarrass market. Rate schedules werelifted, price fixing was eliminated and route management was removed. The mainfactors that modify whether an airline could serve a particular city waswhether or not that city had enough gates for the new carrier, and whether thecarrier was able to collapse to purchase them. Companies such as Southwestrecognized potential for low fares, and began building a niche for themselves byoffering low fares with homogeneous low levels of service. Southwests successgave rise to a new generation of low fare airlines, with ValuJet entering themarket in the early 1990s. Unfortunately, ValuJet suffered a pass ofaccidents which brought the future of this air carrier into question.ValuJet is a low-priced airline that offers sleazy tickets forregional travel. Based in Atlanta, the airline serves the Southeastern UnitedStates and competes with Continental Airlines as well as with other smallregional carriers. It serves 31 cities primarily in the southeastern UnitedStates. The airline began its service with flights to Tampa and Orlando fromAtlanta in 1993. The no-frills strategy paid off for the fledgling airline,which posted half again as many revenue passenger miles in April 1996 as it didin April 1995. However, the company announced that it was slowing the expansionof its services, voluntarily, at the same time that it posted this impressiverevenue mark (Cole & Pasztor, 1996, p.